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GCSE Chemistry 2 > States of Matter - Topic 2 > Flashcards

States of Matter - Topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Arrangement of Solids:

A
  • All particles are touching – no spaces
  • Strong forces of attraction between the particles (bonds)
  • Particles fixed in position
  • Fixed shape due to strong bonds holding the particles together
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2
Q

How much E do solids have? (comparatively)

A

lower

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3
Q

Describe the movement of solid particles:

A

Particles vibrate about a fixed space
- Don’t have much E

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4
Q

Describe the shape of solids:

A

Fixed shape due to strong bonds

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5
Q

How easy is it to pass through solids?

A

Very hard to pass through

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6
Q

Describe the compressibility of solids:

A

Can’t be compressed

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7
Q

How much E do liquids have (comparatively)?

A

medium

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8
Q

Describe the movement of liquid particles:

A
  • Liquids flow reasonably easily and can be poured
  • Able to move past each other by making new bonds and breaking old ones
    • This is how they flow
  • Vibrate on the spot (have energy)
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9
Q

How easy are liquids to pass through?

A

easy

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10
Q

Describe the compressibility of liquids:

A

very difficult to compress

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11
Q

Description for gases:

A
  • Particles not touching – large spaces between them
  • Particles vibrate (have energy)
  • Weak forces of attraction between particles
  • Free to move in any direction
  • Fill a container as light energy and weak bonds
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12
Q

How much E do gases have (comparatively)?

A

higher

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13
Q

Describe the movement of gases:

A
  • Spread out and move quickly
  • Have lots of E to overcome attraction
  • Have lots of E to use so they move quickly
  • Free to move in any direction
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14
Q

Describe the arrangement of gases:

A
  • Fill a container as light energy and weak bonds
  • random
  • move around freely
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15
Q

How easy are gases to pass through?

A

very easy

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16
Q

Describe the compressibility of gases:

A

very easily compressed

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17
Q

solid to gas

A

Sublimation

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18
Q

gas to solid

A

Deposition

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19
Q

gas to liquid

A

condensation

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20
Q

liquid to gas

A

boiling/evaporation

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21
Q

solid to liquid

A

melting

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22
Q

liquid to solid

A

solidification/freezing

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23
Q

What is the E of particles during evaporation like?

A

Some particles are low E, some particles are high E, most particles have a middle amount of E

24
Q

What is the movement of particles during evaporation like?

A
  • Low E = not moving much
  • Mid E = moving
  • High E = moving very quickly and evaporate (fall of tray)
25
Q

Outcome for evaporation:

A
  • High E particles evaporate
  • As only a small number of particles evaporate, this is a slow process meaning it would take a long time for a puddle to evaporate
  • Evaporation can occur beneath boiling point as a small number of high E particles leave the liquid
26
Q

E of particles during boiling:

A
  • Some will still be low E, most will be middle E, some will be very high E
  • There is still a spread in energy of the particles like evaporation – it is just at a higher level
27
Q

Movement of particles during boiling:

A
  • Movement of particles is now much quicker (as they have more E)
    -This means more particles can escape and increase the vapour pressure
28
Q

What is boiling?

A
  • When vapour pressure = atmospheric pressure – this is boiling
  • Higher into the atmosphere the atmospheric pressure is lower so the vapour pressure must be lower
    • Can’t cook pasta on mount Everest because although the water will boil it won’t have to reach a high enough temperature to cook the pasta as the vapour pressure needed for boiling is lower due to the lower atmospheric pressure
29
Q

What are the changes of state for a solid being heated?

A
  • If a solid is heated, the energy makes the particles in it vibrate more quickly.
  • Eventually, they vibrate quickly enough that they overcome some of the forces of attraction between the particles and the solid melts.
  • This takes place at a specific temperature called the melting point.
  • Although the solid is being heated, its temperature does not increase as the energy supplied is being used to overcome the forces of attraction that hold the particles together as a solid.
  • When all the solid has turned into liquid, the liquid’s temperature increases and the particles move faster, moving over each other in all directions.
  • When the boiling point is reached the particles have enough energy to overcome the remaining forces holding them together as a liquid.
  • The energy supplied by heating is used to overcome these forces and so the temperature does not rise until all the liquid has been changed into a gas.
30
Q

What is the temperature like during boiling and melting?

A
  • Substances get hotter as they’re heated as the heat energy is transferred to the substance making it hotter.
  • However, it does not get hotter while it is melting or boiling as the heat energy is being used to overcome forces between parts rather than making the substance hotter.
31
Q

What takes place during condensing and freezing?

A
  • E must be transferred from a substance to the environment for condensation and freezing to occur.
  • During these changes of state, the particles lose E as bonds form between the particles
  • If a substance is cooled the temperature stays constant while the substance condenses and freezes/solidifies.
32
Q

Diffusion:

A
  • Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient
  • It happens automatically in liquids and gases because their particles are free to move around
  • The particles move in a random fashion due to frequent collisions with other particles
  • Particles spread out from where there are a lot of them (high concentration) to where there are less of them (low concentration)
  • Diffusion continues until the particles are evenly (uniformly) distributed (but the particles continue to move)
  • Diffusion occurs in all directions
  • Solids don’t diffuse but liquids and gases do diffuse
  • Heavier molecules/ molecules with a higher mass don’t diffuse as quickly as light molecules/molecules with a lower mass
  • The lighter the molecule the faster it can diffuse.
33
Q

What is Brownian motion?

A

The constant random movement of tiny particles caused by collision with (invisible) air or water molecules, which are themselves in continuous and random motion

34
Q

Provide two examples of where Brownian motion takes place:

A
  • smoke particles
  • pollen particles
35
Q

Describe how Brownian Motion takes places in smoke particles:

A

They move randomly and when they collide they bounce of randomly from particles

36
Q

Describe how Brownian Motion takes place in pollen grains:

A

Pollen grains move more randomly in the beaker of water as they collide with the water molecules which make them change direction.

37
Q

How does adding salt to pure water effect its boiling point?

A

increases it

38
Q

How does adding salt to pure ice effect its freezing point?

A

it decreases

39
Q

Describe the shape of solids:

A

Fixed shape due to strong bonds holding the particles together

40
Q

Describe the volume of solids:

A

Solids have a definite volume

41
Q

Describe the Arrangement of Liquid Particles:

A
  • Particles are nearly all touching – just a few spaces
  • Vibrate on the spot (have energy)
  • Strong (but weaker than solids) forces of attraction between particles
  • Able to move past each other by making new bonds and breaking old ones
    • This is how they flow
  • Takes the shape of the container as they flow (gravity)
  • V shaped molecule
42
Q

Describe the Shape of Liquids:

A
  • Takes the shape of the container as they flow (gravity)
  • V shaped molecule
43
Q

Describe the volume of liquids:

A

Liquids have a definite volume

44
Q

Describe the volume of gases:

A

Gases do not have a set volume

45
Q

Sublimation:

A
  • Some solids can turn directly into a gas when heated without becoming liquid
  • This is called sublimation
46
Q

If a substance is at a temperature below its melting point what state of matter will it be in?

A

solid

47
Q

If a substance is at a temperature between itsmeltingpoint andboilingpoint what state of matter will it be in?

A

liquid

48
Q

If a substance is at a temperatureaboveitsboiling point what state of matter will it be in?

A

gas

49
Q

What is room temperature?

A

room temperature is about 20 degrees C

50
Q

How can impurities effect a liquids freezing and boiling point?

A

impurities raise the boiling point and lower the freezing point of a liquid (note that the freezing point of a liquid is the same as the melting point of a solid)

51
Q

What can determine the melting point of a solid can be used as?

A

a test of its purity

52
Q

Explain what happens to the particles in a heating curve:

A
  • A-B graph rises:
    • particles in solid in a in fixed positions
    • the particles gainenergyand vibrate morevigorously as the temp increases
  • B-C graph stays flat:
    • the temperature stays constant as the change of state fromsolidtoliquidoccurs
    • particles in solid use energy to overcome intermolecular forces between particles and change state from solid to liquid which is why temp remains constant
  • C-D graph rises:
    • particles in a liquid move past one another + move randomly
    • as the temperature increases the particles gainenergyand move more rapidly
  • D- e graph stays flat:
    • the temperature stays constant as theliquidturns togasand the energy supplied is used to break the forces between the liquid particles and so theyescapecompletely from the remainder of theliquidparticles and become gas
53
Q

What does the kinetic theory state?

A

Kinetic theory states that matter is made of tiny particles that move all the time

54
Q

What are the main points of the kinetic theory?

A
  • All matter is made of tiny, invisible, moving particles.
  • The particles move all the time. The higher the temperature the faster they move.
  • Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter ones at a given temperature.
55
Q

Are changes of state physical changes or chemical reactions and why?

A
  • these are physical changes
  • as they are reversible and the substance stays the same
  • unlike chemical reactions that result in chemical changes
56
Q

Why are changes of state physical changes and not chemical changes?

A
  • easily reversible
  • physical changes don’t result in formation of new substances (unlike chemical changes)

GCSE Chemistry 2 (29 decks)

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