States of Matter & Thermal Energy Flashcards
thermal conduction
the transfer of thermal energy that occurs when particles collide
thermal equilibrium
the state in which the rates of thermal energy transfer between 2 objects are equal and the objects are at the same temperature
heat
the transfer of thermal energy
specific heat
the amount of energy that must be added to a unit mass of material to raise it by its temp one unit
heat engine
a device that is able to continuously convert thermal energy to mechanical energy
entropy
measure of dispersal energy, representing the unavailability of energy
fluids
materials that can flow and have no definite shape of their own
Define plasma and explain where it is found
- Plasma is the gas like state of negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions. It can be found in stars, human bodies, fluorescent light bulbs, and neon signs.
What is the Heat equation? Identify all of the units.
Q = McΔt
Q -> heat in joules
M -> mass in Kg
c-> specific heat in J/Kg K
Δt -> temp in Kelvin
What is the equation for pressure? Identify all of the units.
P = F/A
P -> pressure in pascals
F -> force in newtons
A -> area in m^2
What is the difference between heat of fusion and heat of vaporization?
The heat of fusion is the amount of heat needed to change 1g of a solid to a liquid. The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat needed to change 1g of a liquid into vaporization.
Explain the difference between conduction, convection,
& radiation
In conduction, heat transfer occurs between objects by direct contact. In convection, the heat transfer takes place within the fluid. In radiation, heat transfer occurs through electromagnetic waves without involving particles.
When was the first steam engine built?
18th century
When does entropy increase?
When temperature increases, thermal energy is added, & spontaneous events
What happens to entropy in a system if thermal energy is removed?
Entropy decreases
Name three things that use an internal combustion engine
Boats, cars, and airplanes
What is the unit for heat, work, and energy
Joules
What is generated in heat engines?
mechanical energy
Which laws of thermodynamics states that in an uncontrolled system, when energy is able to disperse, the energy always spreads to a stable state?
the second law of thermodynamics
Explain in a couple sentences how entropy and the energy crisis are related.
The energy crisis is the continued use of limited resources. When using a resource you do not use up all of its energy. The lack of usable energy is a surplus of entropy.
Why does ice float?
Ice is less dense than water
Explain the difference between cohesion and adhesion
Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of two different substances while cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same substance
Explain viscosity
A measurement of a fluid’s resistance to flow, the internal friction that slows fluid flow and dissipates mechanical energy. The result of intermolecular forces between particles within a fluid.
Unit of specific heat
J/kg x K
Heat
Q
entropy
S
Kelvin
K
degree Celsius
° C
energy change
Δe
temperature change
Δt
According to the second law of thermodynamics, natural processes go in the direction that ___ the total entropy of the system
maintains or increases
The total increase in the thermal energy of a system is the heat added to it minus _____ the done by it
work
A heat pump _____
transfers heat into and out of the house depending on the season
The form of heat transfer that takes place in a house heated by forced air is primarily _____
convection
Natural processes tend to move toward greater ___
order
Pressure is the ratio of the force to the ____ it is applied
area
A rock will sink in water because its ____ is greater than that of water
density
The SI unit of pressure is the ___
pascal
The difference in pressure between the top and bottom of a submerged object produces a force known as ____
buoyancy
According to Pascal’s principle, any change on a confined fluid _____
is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid
A fluid is a substance that ____
has no definite shape
As the temperature of a sample of liquid water is increased from a starting point of 1 degree C, the volume of the water initially _______
decreases
The pressure exerted by a column of liquid is independent of the ____
shape of the container
To convert celsius to kelvin
add 273.15 degrees
To convert kelvin to celsius
subtract 273.15 degrees
The first law of thermodynamics
energy or matter can not be created or destroyed
the third law of thermodynamics
All processes cease as temperature approaches absolute zero
Zeroth Law
If each of the two systems is in equilibrium with a third system, the first 2 are in equilibrium with each other
