Gravitation Flashcards
inertial mass
describes the amount of resistance an object has to any application of force
Kepler’s 2nd law
states that an imaginary line drawn between a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time periods (Meaning the speed of a planet increases as it nears the sun and decreases as it recedes)
If the _____ of an object is increased, the gravitational force in experiences will increases as a result
gravitational mass
The region around Earth in which objects experience a force due to Earth’s gravity is called the _______
gravitational field
______ suggests that objects attract other objects with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
Newton’s law of Universal Gravitation
Who was the first astronomer to propose that the Sun is the center of the solar system?
Nicholas Copernicus
Who believed that all planets except Earth orbit the sun?
Tycho Brahe
Who used huge instruments he built himself to record the exact positions of the planets and stars?
Tycho Brahe
Who used 30 years of observations made by other scientists and concluded that the planets orbit the sun?
Johannes Kepler
Who proposed that the force exerted on a planet by the Sun is inversely proportional to the distance between centers of the planet and the Sun?
Isaac Newton
Who discovered that the shape of a planet’s orbit is an ellipse?
Kepler
Who was the first to theorize that the force that makes objects fall to Earth is the same force that the sun exerts on the planets?
Newton
Who used geometry and mathematics to discover his 3 laws of planetary motion?
Kepler
Which Kepler Law relates the motion of more than one object about a single body?
Kepler’s 3rd Law
Which Kepler Law describes the shape of the planets’ orbits?
Kepler’s 1st Law
Which Kepler Law states that the Sun is located at one focus of a planet’s orbit?
Kepler’s 1st Law
Which Kepler Law uses the equation (Ta/Tb)^2 = (Ra/Rb)^3?
Kepler’s 3rd Law
Which Kepler Law states that an imaginary line drawn from a planet to the Sun will sweep out equal areas in equal time intervals?
Kepler’s 2nd Law
The shaded portions of Planet A’s orbit represent the area swept out by an imaginary line between the Sun and the planet between times t1 and t2 and between times t3 and t4. If the area of these shaded regions is equal, what must be true about the intervals t2 - t1 and t4 - t3?
t2 - t1 = t4 - t3
If you know the period of both Planets A and B, what other information would you need to determine Planet A’s average distance from the sun?
Planet B’s average distance from the sun
The gravitational field of the Sun exerts a force on Planet B. At which point on the orbit of Planet B is this force at its least? At which point is it greatest?
The force would be the least at the 3rd point. The force would be the greatest at the 1st point.
At point 3, Planet B is six times further from the Sun than it is at point 1. If the magnitude of the force exerted on Planet B by the gravitational field of the Sun at point 1 is F, what is the magnitude of the force at point 3?
1/36 of F.
F = !/r^2
If the period of Planet A is Ta and the period of Planet B is Tb and Planet A’s average distance from the Sun is Ta, write a formula that represent’s rb, Planet B’s average distance from the sun.
Rb = Cube Root of (Tb)^2(Ra)^3/(TA)^2
The mass of P is doubled
2F
The distance between the masses is doubled
1/4F
The mass of P is doubled and the mass of Q is tripled
6F
The entire mass of the system is increased by a factor of 4
4F
The distance between the masses is halved
4F
Penitence
The action of feeling or showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong
Renaissance
The rebirth of Europe, characterized by the rediscovery of classic lit., rebirth of art, and interest in all intellectual endeavors
Heliocentricity
Having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system
Geocentricity
Having or representing the Earth as the center
Tabernacle
A fixed or movable habitation / A meeting place for worship used by some Protestants
Paradigm
A typical example or pattern of something; a model
Apoplexy
Unconsciousness or incapacity resulting from a stroke or cerebran hemorrhage
Immutable
Unchanging over time or unable to be changed
The motion of a projectile has both _______ and _______ componets
Horizontal, vertical
A projectile fired horizontally will accelerate toward Earth at a rate of _____
9.80 m/s^2
If the magnitude of the ______ component of a projectile’s motion is great enough, the projectile will fall to Earth at the same rate that Earth curves away from the projectile
horizontal
A projectile fired horizontally from less than 150 km above the surface of Earth will fall back to Earth no matter how fast it is travelling because of ___________
air resistance
An object that falls to Earth at the same rate that Earth curves away from the object is said to be in _______
orbit
gravitational field
allows us to picture gravity acting at a distance
general theory of relativity
predicts the effects of gravity
curvature
the effect of mass on space
einstein thought gravity was a _______
effect of space
deflection
effect of gravity on light
black hole
an object so dense that light leaving the object is bent back onto itself
newton’s law of universal gravitation allows us to calculate the _______ force that exists between two bodies because of their mass
gravitational
einstein proposed that gravity is not a _____ but rather an effect of ______ itself
force; space
according to einstein the mass of a body changes the ____ around it
space
___ causes space to be curved and other bodies are accelerated because of the way they follow this curved space
mass
according to einstein’s theory of __________ if an object is massive and dense enough any light it emits is actually bent back to the object
general relativity
difference of gravitational mass and inertial mass
inertial mass is measured by measuring an object’s resistance to change in velocity while gravitational mass describes the force on an object in a gravitational field / measures an object’s response to gravitational force
einstein proposed that gravity is not a ______ but rather an effect of _______ itself
force; space
what scientist developed an experiment to measure G, using lead spheres and a very thin wire? why was this experiment valuable?
Henry Cavendish, it was valuable because it was the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant. Made it so the force between any 2 objects could be calculated.
Kepler’s 1st law
states that the paths of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus
Kepler’s 2nd law
states that an imaginary line from the sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals
Kepler’s 3rd law
states that the square of the ratio of the periods of any two planets revolving about the sun is equal to the cube of the ratio of their average distance from the sun
difference of g and G
G is the gravitational constant and g is the acceleration due to gravity
Value of the constant G
6.67x10^-11 m^3 kg^-1s^-2
base units
F=
G=
mass=
length=
g=
velocity=
period,time=
N
M^3kg^-1s^-2
Kg
m
m/s
m/s 2
seconds for Newton’s, days for Kepler
Major contributions of Copernicus
- Proposed Heliocentricity
- Wrote “The Revolutions”
- Proved Earth is spherical
- Earth rotates and revolves around the Sun
Major contributions of Brahe
-proved that comets were moving objects in space
-showed irregularities in the moon’s orbit
- Found new stars CAN be created
Things orbit beyond the moon
Major contributions of kepler
-three laws of planetary motion
-discovered that the planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits
-invented a new type of telescope
gravitational mass
gravitational mass describes the force on an object in a gravitational field / measures an object’s response to gravitational force
