States Of Matter Flashcards
What are the states of matter?
Solid - particles are very close together and vibrate in a fixed position
Gas - particles are far apart and move randomly in all directions
Liquid - particles are very close together but they move and flow randomly past one another
Solid ——> liquid is called
Melting
Liquid ——> gas is called
Evaporation
Gas ——> liquid is called
Condensing
Liquid ——> solid is called
Freezing
What is a mixture?
Mixtures are made of 2 or more substances that haven’t been chemically combined
What is a solution?
A liquid that contains a dissolved solid
What is a solute?
Dissolved solid
What is a solvent?
The liquid in which a solid dissolves
What is filtration?
Filtration separates mixtures of insoluble solids and liquids
Done by pouring the mixture through filter paper:
The insoluble solid is trapped
The liquid runs through the paper and is collected below
What is crystallisation?
Crystallisation separates solutions into their different parts - dissolved solids (solutes) and liquids (solvents).
Heat the mixture so that the solvent evaporates :
Eventually, crystals of the solute (dissolved solids) will form
We can collect the solvent (liquid) by condensing it as it evaporates
What is chromatography?
Chromatography separates solutions with a number of different solutes (solids) in the solvent (liquid)
What is simple distillation?
Simple distillation separates 2 liquids with different boiling points
What is fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation separates lots of liquids with different boiling points
Why is a thermometer used in simple distillation?
The thermometer is used to make sure the highest boiling point is not exceeded, otherwise, both liquids would boil and the process would not separate them.
What is the chromatography practical?
1) A spot of the solution to be separated is placed near the bottom of a piece of chromatography paper
2) The paper is held upright. The bottom of the paper is dipped into a suitable solvent
3) As the solvent soaks up the paper, it carries the solutes in the spot with it. The different solutes (solids) in the spot of solution move at different speeds
4) This leaves a pattern of the separates solutes on the chromatography paper
What are formulations?
Formulations are mixtures of chemical components that are designed to create useful products
Examples of formulations
Fuels Cleaning agents Metal alloys Fertilisers Medicines
What is the groundwater treatment?
1) Sedimentation - removing large pieces of insoluble waste
2) Filtration - removing finer pieces of insoluble waste
3) Chlorination - adding chlorine to kill any microorganisms
How do impurities affect the melting and boiling points of samples?
Increase the boiling point
Decrease the melting point
What is the Rf equation?
Distance travelled by substance/ distance travelled by solvent
Which direction does the solvent move in paper chromatography?
Upwards
Water that is safe to drink is called?
Potable
How is seawater made potable?
Distillation
