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Psych Midterm 2 > States of Consciousness > Flashcards

States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hemispheric specialization

A

Different hemispheres of the brain are responsible for different functions.

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2
Q

On what side of the brain is language located on?

A

The left.

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3
Q

What is blindsight?

A

It is our brains consciously NOT seeing something in order to protect ourselves.

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4
Q

What is conscious content?

A

It is the subjective experiences of the internal and external world eg drams, plans, and dat to day perception.

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5
Q

What do states of consciousness refer to?

A

Our levels of arousal and attention.

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6
Q

What are the two components of dual processing? Describe them.

A

Dual processing involves conscious and unconscious processing. Conscious processing is serial and goes slowly at one step at a time. Unconscious processing is parallel and can quickly interpret multiple lines of data at once.

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7
Q

Define attention:

A

The process of selecting information to prioritize.

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8
Q

What is passive attention?

A

Attention that is involuntary and automatic.

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9
Q

What kind of processing does passive attention use?

A

Bottom up processing.

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10
Q

What is active attention? What kind of processing does it use?

A

Active attention deals with priorities being set and directed by top down processing and goals

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11
Q

Do we know why some things receive attention over others?

A

No

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12
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Focusing on one stimulus while ignoring others.

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13
Q

What is stimulus salience?

A

It is the idea that some stimulus are inherently more attention grabbing

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14
Q

What is attentional capture?

A

It occurs when attention is diverted due to the salience of a stimulus.

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15
Q

Does top-down processing play a role in attentional capture?

A

Yes, prior experience may point out some things as a threat over others.

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16
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

It describes the situation where one can tune out the rest of a party to focus on one conversation.

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17
Q

Who came up with the dichotic listening task?

A

Corten and Wood

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18
Q

What is the dichotic listening task?

A

A participant had two headphones in and tried to listen to one and not the other. Generally participants can recognize a gender change in the unattended side. Participants had some involuntary reactions to unattended ear stimulus.

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19
Q

Define automaticity.

A

Effortless processing without conscious thought.

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20
Q

When is something considered automatic?

A

When performance is not impaired by other tasks.

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21
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

The ability to miss information when attention is elsewhere.

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22
Q

What is the flicker task?

A

A study for intentional change detection that asks participants to find the difference between two pictures on a slideshow separated by a white screen.

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23
Q

What kind of objects are spotted more quickly in a flicker test?

A

Objects that do not belong in the environments.

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24
Q

What is inhibition?

A

The process of actively reducing processing while the brain attends to a task.

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25
Q

What is the difference between subliminal and subconscious stimulus?

A

Subliminal is processed information that does not pass the threshold to be consciously perceived whereas subconscious stimulus are consciously recognized but the subject is not necessarily aware that is it affecting behavior.

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26
Q

What are the two types of subliminal mesaging?

A

Sub visual messages are presented too quickly for the visual system to perceive. Sub audible messages are played at a low volume usually under a louder message.

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27
Q

Does subliminal messaging have an experimental correlation to behavior change?

A

No

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28
Q

What is visual neglect?

A

is it lesions on the right parietal lobe that affect left hand side vision.

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29
Q

What can visual neglect demonstrate about consciousness?

A

Some patients are only able to draw half of something, but are not able to explain why. They believe it is normal for a human to have one eye etc., and the left field of view can affect decisions but the patient cannot verbalize why.

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30
Q

What are the two components of ADHD?

A

Attention deficit and hyperactivity

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31
Q

What are two solutions (usually used together) to reduce the impact of ADHD?

A

Meds (Adderall and Ritalin) and conditioning therapy.

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32
Q

What is the estimated heritability of ADHD?

A

It is 75-91 percent.

33
Q

What is fatal familial insomnia?

A

It is a disease affecting the thalamus that kills individuals by lack of sleep.

34
Q

What does an EEG do?

A

Is measures the sum of electrical activation across the prefrontal cortex.

35
Q

What graphs measure eye movement and jaw muscle tension?

A

Electrooculograms and electromyograms

36
Q

What are the two stages of being alert? What kind of brain waves are present in each? How many Hz are the waves?

A

When awake and relaxed, the brain will emit more regular alpha waves (8-12Hz). When alert and the sympathetic nervous system is engaged, beta waves will appear from 13-30Hz.

37
Q

What are the 4 stages of sleep? Describe their features, waves, and frequencies.

A

Stage 1. Not groggy on waking, unaware of sleep, synchronized theta waves from 3.5-7.5 Hz.
Stage 2. Also not groggy on waking and unaware of sleep, but present are sleep spindles (12-14Hz, 2-5x/min) linked to memory as well as K complexes (1x/min) thought to help prepare for delta waves.
Slow wave sleep. Delta waves that are less than 4 Hz make you groggy on waking.
REM sleep has theta waves with periods of beta waves.

38
Q

During REM sleep atonia, what happens?

A

Patients can’t move their bodies.

39
Q

Where is blood flow directed during REM? Is this consistent with the rest of the brain?

A

Blood flow is concentrated to the visual association cortex and the prefrontal cortex. The rest of the brain has reduced blood flow.

40
Q

What is a hypnogram?

A

A depiction of progress through sleep.

41
Q

What are the functions of slow wave sleep?

A

Cognitive decline is measured when there’s too little of this and metabolic activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex.

42
Q

What are the functions of REM sleep?

A

It is linked with brain development in infants, and also with long term explicit memories.

43
Q

What is a dissonmya?

A

It is a problem with sleep quality.

44
Q

What is insomnia and what is it usually linked to?

A

It is the inability to fall or remain asleep, and it is linked to stress and drug usage.

45
Q

What is sleep hygeine?

A

It is a behavioral routine that helps one fall asleep.

46
Q

What is the difference between conditioned and idiopathic insomnia?

A

Conditioned insomnia is anxiety related with the idea of falling asleep, and idiopathic insomnia is a child onset abnormality in the CNS that is stubborn to treatment.

47
Q

What is hypersomnia?

A

Excessive sleepyness.

48
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

Reduced oxygen intake during sleep that can wake individuals in the night.

49
Q

What are two remedies to sleep apnea?

A

Surgery or a CPAP machine.

50
Q

What is a characteristic of narcolapsy?

A

The sudden and extreme need to sleep.

51
Q

What are the two types of narcolepsy associated hallucinations?

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations happen during the onset of sleep, and hypnopompic hallucinations occur just before waking.

52
Q

What is a circadian rythym?

A

It is a daily biological clock.

53
Q

What is a zeitgeber?

A

It is a cue from the environment that sets the clocks.

54
Q

What us jet lag?

A

Travel + a time change making an internal clock out of sync.

55
Q

What is found superior to the optic chiasm that is related to circadian rhythm? What is it responsible for?

A

The superchiasmatic nucleus. It is responsible for sending “timekeeper” signals to the pineal gland.

56
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete to regulate internal clocks?

A

Melatonin

57
Q

What constitutes drug dependence?

A

The inability to maintain normal functioning without.

58
Q

What class of drugs affect mood/thoughts/behavior?

A

Psychoactive drugs

59
Q

What is the name for the distress associated with the discontinuation of an addiction?

A

Withdrawl

60
Q

What are the three big types of depressants to remember?

A

Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepine

61
Q

What makes barbiturates special?

A

They are highly addictive, there is a fixed lethal threshold, and they tend to raise tolerance. They are called downers.

62
Q

What makes benzodiazepine special?

A

It is fast acting, it is also addictive, and they are called tranquilizers.

63
Q

What do depressants agonize?

A

GABA

64
Q

What happens in low/mid/high doses of depressants?

A

low: relaxation, euphoria
mid: impaired judgement, reaction time lowering, depression
high: loss of consciousness, death

65
Q

What type of drugs speed up brain activity?

A

Stimulants

66
Q

What NTs do nicotine enhance? (3)

A

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

67
Q

Why does nicotine have a dual effect?

A

It can speed you up if you’re depressed, and chill out out if you’re stressed.

68
Q

What part of the brain does alcohol inhibit? What is the area responsible for?

A

The hippocampus associated with memory.

69
Q

In the long term for smokers, what NT in the brain becomes less concentrated?

A

Acetylcholine.

70
Q

What does cocaine do to dopamine?

A

It deactivates the reuptake of dopamine and enhances the feeling of it.

71
Q

What do amphetamines do to dopamine?

A

Deactivates reuptake, enhances effects, and also stimulates release.

72
Q

What are long term problems associated with cocaine and amphetamines?

A

Hallucinations, psychotic behavior, and paranoia

73
Q

What are the three categories of drugs?

A

Depressants, Stimulants, and Hallucinogens.

74
Q

What does LSD stand for?

A

Lysergic acid diethalamyde

75
Q

Where does LSD agonize serotonin? What is the part of the body responsible for?

A

The thalamus is responsible for the organization and filtration of sensory input.

76
Q

What is mescaline?

A

It is peyote cactus and is similar to LSD with more colors and patterns.

77
Q

In cannabis, what molecule binds to what receptors in the brain?

A

THC binds to cannabinoid receptors.

78
Q

What does ganja inhibit?

A

norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA

Psych Midterm 2 (3 decks)

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