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Psych Midterm 2 > Sensation/Perception pt. 2 > Flashcards

Sensation/Perception pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a sound wave as hear by a person?

A

Volume, Pitch, and Timbre

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2
Q

What part of the wave is related to intensity? What is the measure of intensity and when might middle/inner ear damage be experienced?

A

Amplitude is related to intensity and a sound of over 100 decibels is linked with middle/inner ear damage.

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3
Q

What characteristic of a sound wave is related to the pitch?

A

The frequency of waves.

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4
Q

What frequencies of sound are detectable by the human ear? What are the frequencies of speech?

A

Humans can detect frequencies between 20 and 20000Hz. The range of speech is 1000-5000Hz.

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5
Q

What determines the timbre of a voice?

A

The multitude of frequencies and amplitudes within one “sound”.

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6
Q

What is the pinna? What is its function?

A

The pinna is the outer eat and serves a a tunnel of sound to the tympanic membrane.

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7
Q

Where does the tympanic membrane transfer sound waves? What is the common name for it?

A

Into the ossicles. The tympanic membrane is called the eardrum.

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8
Q

What are ossicles made of? What are the names of the ossicles?

A

The ossicles are bones called the Malleus, Incus, and Stapes.

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9
Q

What does the cochlea resemble? What three notable things are found inside of it?

A

The cochlea looks like a snail and contains the basilar membrane, fluid, and cilia.

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10
Q

What part of the brain does the auditory nerve connect to?

A

The thalamus MGU and then the auditory cortex

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11
Q

What does transduction describe in the ear?

A

It describes the transfer of vibrations from the oval membrane to the cochlea.

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12
Q

What does the oval membrane connect?

A

The cochlea and the stapen.

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13
Q

What does place theory entrail?

A

The brain uses the location of neural firing to understand sound.

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14
Q

Where are high and low frequency sounds processed in the ear?

A

High frequency sounds are processed at the beginning and low frequency sounds are processed at the end.

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15
Q

Describe frequency theory.

A

The brain processes auditory information using information related to frequency. 1 hertz fires one action potential.

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16
Q

Where in the brain is auditory information ORGANIZED?

A

It is organized and analyzed in the thalamus.

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17
Q

What does MGN stand for? Where is it located?

A

It stands for the medial geniculate nucleus. It is found in the thalamus.

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18
Q

What is tonotopic organization?

A

A describer of the consistency of the organization of the auditory neural pathway with the basilar membrane.

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19
Q

How does the auditory pathway adapt to the essential role of timing in auditory processing?

A

The system has rapid action potentials and large terminal buttons.

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20
Q

Where are simple sounds and complicated sounds processed?

A

Simpler sounds are processed in the lower regions and more complicated sounds are processed higher up in the auditory cortex.

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21
Q

What kind of cues are used to locate sounds?

A

Binaural cues use information from both ears to locate sound.

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22
Q

What are the two types of binaural cues?

A

Interaural time differences and interaural level differences.

23
Q

What are the receptors called in the nose for smell and taste?

A

Chromoreceptors.

24
Q

What is unique about the olfactory pathway?

A

It does not go through the thalamus on the way to the brain.

25
Q

What are the tissues that house the nose chromoreceptors called?

A

Olfactory mucosa.

26
Q

What are the neurons that are linked to he olfactory mucosa called?

A

Olfactory receptor neurons.

27
Q

Where is the olfactory bulb located?

A

In the anterior fossa.

28
Q

How many receptor types are there roughly?

A

350.

29
Q

What are cells called that consolidate information from a certain receptor type?

A

Glomeruli

30
Q

Why are smell and taste receptors called gatekeepers?

A

Because they require ingestion and therefore keep us from ingesting disadvantageous substances.

31
Q

What are the bumps on the tongue called?

A

Papillae.

32
Q

List and locate the four types of papillae.

A
  1. Filiform Papillae are located on the tip and sides of the tongue and give it the fuzzy appearance (they have no tastebuds)
  2. Fungiform papillae are also located on the tip and sides but are mushroom shaped.
  3. Foliate papillae are the folds located on the back of the tongue.
  4. Circumvallate Papillae are mounds on the back of the tongue.
33
Q

How many cells does a taste bud contain? What structure are they found in?

A

50-100 cells protrude into a taste pore.

34
Q

How can we describe transduction in taste?

A

It occurs when chemicals bind to receptor sites on the taste pores.

35
Q

What nerve carries the taste signal back to the thalamus?

A

The afferent nerve.

36
Q

What is OFC short for? What does it do and what can we hypothesize is found in it?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex. It is responsible for smell and taste and the “what” portion of vision. It is hypothesized to hold bimodal neurons which can respond to more than one sense.

37
Q

What is the physical measure of touch?

A

Pressure

38
Q

What part of the brain deals with pressure + motion and where is it located?

A

The somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe.

39
Q

What are the skin pressure receptors called?

A

Mechanoreceptors.

40
Q

What are the four types of receptors in the skin? Describe their function as well.

A
  1. Merkel receptors fire continuously if the skin maintains contact with an object.
  2. Meissner corpuscles relay information when pressure is applied or removed from an area.
  3. Ruffini cylinders measure the stretching of skin.
  4. Pacinian corpuscles respond to vibration/texture.
41
Q

What type of skin receptors are found closer to the surface?

A

Merkel receptors and Meissner corpuscles.

42
Q

What is somotopic organization?

A

The somatosensory cortex is organized in a way where adjacent cells are linked to adjacent areas on the body.

43
Q

What is the order of body part of the somatosensory cortex (bottom to top)?

A

Pharynx, tongue, lips, nose, eyes, thumb, fingers, hand, wrist, elbow, arm, shoulder, head, neck, trunk, lower limbs, foot, toes, genitals

44
Q

How is temperature a relative perception?

A

It depends on what is felt before it.

45
Q

What receptors in the skin deal with temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

46
Q

What receptors in the skin deal with pain?

A

Nociceptors

47
Q

What is the gate control theory of pain?

A

Pain can be blocked when engaged in a heavy physical task.

48
Q

What cells are responsible for transmitting pain signals?

A

S fibers.

49
Q

What do T cells and L fibers do?

A

T cells activate in response to S fibers and send pain signals. L fibers inhibit T cells when activated.

50
Q

Name something else that can change perception of pain?

A

Pain can be affected by placebos and is linked to expectation of pain.

51
Q

What is congenital analglesia?

A

Is is a condition where someone is immune to feeling pain or temperature.

52
Q

What is the kinesthetic sense? What receptors are located where in this system?

A

Our sense of where our bodies are in space. Somatosensory receptors are found on the skin but are also found in joints and muscles.

53
Q

What is the vestibular sense? Where can the center of this be located? What parts of it are important?

A

The vestibular sense responds to balance and acceleration. The headquarters of this are located in the cochlea where the semicircular canals sense changes. Hair cells respond to gravity and vestibular sacs respond to balance and posture.

54
Q
A

Psych Midterm 2 (3 decks)

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