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Psych Midterm 2 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a behaviour

A

An action that can be repeated, measured, and affected by a situation

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2
Q

Define innate

A

known from birth

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3
Q

Define reflex

A

It is a stimulus response that automatically happens. It can be learned or innate.

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4
Q

Define latent learning

A

learning that isn’t used until needed.

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5
Q

Give an overview of Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

A

It is an insignificant event that signals an input by associating it with a significant event.

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6
Q

What are unconditional stimuli and responses

A

They are stimuli that do not require conditioning (are innate) to create a related biologically relevant response

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7
Q

When can we say learning has been done in a Pavlov context?

A

When a conditional stimulus leads to a conditional response.

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8
Q

What does elicit imply?

A

That it is involuntary.

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9
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

A stimulus that has no meaning.

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10
Q

When can we say for sure that the neutral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus?

A

When the conditioned stimulus elicits a conditional response before the unconditional stimulus is introduced.

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11
Q

Describe taste aversion learning

A

It is the classical conditioning of people to feel nauseous even before consuming a food that made them sick in the past.

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12
Q

Is taste aversion learning long or short term?

A

Tends to be long term.

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13
Q

What is pavlovian (classical) extinction?

A

When the unconditional stimulus is no longer presented along with the conditional stimulus, the response decreases over time.

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14
Q

Why can we say extinction is not a form of un-learning?

A

Because more learning is done about the reliability of the association.

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15
Q

Since the original association is not forgotten, what happens after a brief rest period with no stimulus?

A

The conditional response is observed. This is called spontaneous recovery.

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16
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

It is the similar responses of individuals to conceptually/physically similar stimulus.

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17
Q

What is an example of conditional generalization?

A

fear of spiders = also fear of attics, basements, webs

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18
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

It is when responses only occur when conditional stimulus is presented.

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19
Q

What is it called when an already conditioned stimulus is associated with a second neutral stimulus?

A

Higher-order conditioning

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20
Q

What did john B Watson do?

A

He recognized that psychology should only study observable behaviors and predict and control the behaviors. He popularized behaviorism. He recognized genetics but made a point about environment.

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21
Q

What is a phobia?

A

An extreme and irrational fear.

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22
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

It is an evidence-based behavioral intervention that is focused on helping clients overcome common fears or phobias.

23
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

We learn about actions that have good consequences and do not associate actions with bad consequences.

24
Q

Who came up with the law of effect?

A

Thorndike

25
Q

Who is the pioneer of operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

26
Q

Define antecedent

A

It is something that tells us the consequences of our actions before the behavior

27
Q

What is a consequence?

A

Something that can influence our probability of repeating a behavior.

28
Q

What is the difference between differential and non-differential consequences? Which one promotes learning better?

A

Differential consequences differ based on the behavior exhibited. This teaches learning better.

29
Q

Give an example of positive reinforcement.

A

Good boy gets a treat.

30
Q

Give an example of positive punishment.

A

Bad boy gets punched.

31
Q

Give an example of negative reinforcement.

A

The voices go away when I take my meds.

32
Q

Give an example of negative punishment.

A

I am grounded because I stole all the cheese.

33
Q

What are the two types of negative reinforcement? Describe.

A

Escape is done in order to stop an aversive stimulus. Avoidance is done to avoid a future aversive stimulus.

34
Q

What are two other words for reward and aversive stimulus.

A

Appetitive stimulus and noxious stimulus.

35
Q

According to Skinner, what is the best conditioning method for learning? Why?

A

Positive reinforcement lasts longer and doesn’t produce negative emotions.

36
Q

When is punishment used?

A

In last resort cases ie. self harm or agression

37
Q

Give the 5 reasons for reinforcement >punishment

A
  1. Punishment won’t teach how to get rewarded
  2. Punishment is associated with negative emotion
  3. Punished people tend to learn to punish others
  4. Successful punishment is likely to happen again and again.
  5. Punishment must be given every time, intensely, and immediately.
38
Q

What is operant extinction? What are the three steps involved in it?

A

Operant extinction occurs when a consequence stops happening, so reinforced behavior stops being reinforced.
1. There is a temporary response increase with an extinction burst (increase in frequency/intensity/duration).
2. There is an emotional/aggressive response
3. The responding stops

39
Q

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

A

behavior exposed to a continuous reinforcement schedule will stop faster without reinforcement

40
Q

What is shaping?

A

It is operant conditioning for complex actions by breaking it down into little rewards.

41
Q

how does one carry out a reinforcer test/contingency analysis

A

You start with a baseline and then add in the reinforcer

42
Q

define contingency

A

The extent to which one event reduces uncertainty about another

43
Q

What is a primary reinforcer? Example

A

An unconditional response eg. pain

44
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer

A

A conditional response eg. money

45
Q

What is a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

A

It is paired with many primary and secondary reinforcers and does not lose power over time. Eg. Money

46
Q

What are the 4 types of scheduled reinforcement in order of most responses to least?

A

Variable ratio, fixed ratio, variable interval, fixed interval

47
Q

Describe the shape of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule graph

A

There are runs (fast responses) leading up to the reward, where there is a break once the reward is gotten.

48
Q

What did Toleman say?

A

He brought in cognitive psychology to explain meditational neobehaviorism/operational behaviorism which explains that individuals make cognitive maps of surroundings

49
Q

What did Bandura say?

A

Social learning is imitating others

50
Q

What is transferred association?

A

It is the idea that in order to copy a behavior, I must see model behavior and a reward.

51
Q

What are the 4 stages of transferred association?

A
  1. Attentional - notice the behavior
    2.Retention - think about what model did
  2. Production - Imitate action
  3. Motivational - action -> reward
52
Q

What does biological preparedness entail? Who is behind this?

A

It entails that some stimulus are more likely to be important than others. Seligman came up with that.

53
Q

What are 4 characteristics of phobias?

A
  1. They can be learned in one trial
  2. They can persist even if not harmful
  3. They are related to ancestral survival
  4. They do not extinguish quickly
54
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

When avoidance responses don’t work, we stop trying anything.

Psych Midterm 2 (3 decks)

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