states

Question 1

What does Religious toleration mean?

Answer 1

Defend rights to worship, not to interfere, defended by 1689 john Locke. There is no jurisdiction over conscious, only in civil matters.

Question 2

What is an act of toleration?

Answer 2

Refers to freedom of worship for majority of protestant worships 1688-9.

Question 3

When was the Glorious Revolution?

Answer 3

1688-89.

Question 4

What is religious toleration associated with?

Answer 4

State government, unfolds as secularisation occurs.

Guaranteed existent of parliament and monarchy

Question 5

When was the revocation of edict of Nantes in France?

Answer 5

1685

Question 6

Was Toleration common under Louis?

Answer 6

Toleration not the general trend within the period under absolutist King louis.

Question 7

What was the duty of Medieval monarchies?

Answer 7

They were sacralised authority. Their duty was to uphold the true religion

Question 8

What is meant by royal touch? Why was this symbolic?

Answer 8

The belief that the touch of king can heal a disfiguring disease.

Kings could be canonised, make saints like louis.

Question 9

What role did the Reformation have on attitudes to the King and his gifts?

Answer 9

Reformation complicates it, brings religious divisions and religious responsibilities of secular authorities.

Question 10

What did the 16th c reformation bring?

Answer 10

Religious disunity.

Protestant magistrates gained authority over nation/ territorial churches.

The confessional states emerged and so did the ideal of religious uniformity. This led to religious persecution.

16-17th the secular authority responded by trying to uphold distinctive confession.

Question 11

What did these Confessional states maintain?

Answer 11

Religious unity within territory, united under a particular religion.

Question 12

Why was there religious unity?

Answer 12

People’s salvation was at stake. Their souls needed to be saved in order to prevent eternal damnation

To persecute can be construed as an act of charity.

These beliefs go back to medieval church which was associated between religious dissent and disorder.

Question 13

Confessionalization contributed to what?

Answer 13

To the development of the state, shared of religion encouraged shared identity, community of beliefs that can be defined against others, like heretics etc.

Question 14

What toleration good?

Answer 14

Used as a dirty word, negative situation to endure reluctantly.

Some states surprising religious pluralism, toleration did exist in 16thc but spoken in negative sense.

Question 15

What is powerful in Poland?

Answer 15

Poland’s nobility is very power, crown difficult to impose faith on nobility.

1573 declaration of Warsaw – setting ground rules to monarchy, nobles keep peace among selves so nothing descended into religious anarchy. Social interests transcend religious divisions.

Sigismund III (Holy Roman Emperor) was a zealous catholic and cranked up the pressure. Rewarding conversion.

Question 16

What about centralising states?

Answer 16

Centralising states win over local nobles by incorporating them.

Question 17

When did the Swedes invade?

Answer 17

1665-60 invasion by Sweden ‘the deluge’, protestant associated with foreignness, Catholicism seen as true religion.

Question 18

What could the Habsburgs empire not hope to accomplish?

Answer 18

Can’t hope to enforce Catholic over all territories.

Peace of Augsburg, 1555, temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation. (Cuius regio, eius religio – whose realm, his religion).

Question 19

When was the Thirty years’ war?

Answer 19

1618-48

It involved the re-catholicization. Dragonnades was a response (a form of persecution directed by Louis XIV against French Protestants).

Question 20

What peaks in the 17thc Austria?

Answer 20

Witch hunting and there is a growing concern to enforce uniformity and religious practise. (later in Poland)

Question 21

Who issued the Edict of Nantes?

Answer 21

Henri IV - legal existence for Huguenots with limits, brings violent stage of religious warfare to end.

The King sought to rebuild the authority lost in religious wars, the presence of religious diversity is an obstacle they want to transcend.

Question 22

When was the Edict revoked?

Answer 22

1685 by Louis XIV.

France is exception, louis vision of kingship is tolerant of religious superstition among catholic subjects.

Question 23

What was decriminalised in France?

Answer 23

Witchcraft in 1682.

This reflected long concerns to rationalise rule and the population to make sure local officers aren’t pursuing own vendettas but Louis’.

Question 24

When is Catholicism outlawed in the Netherlands?

Answer 24

1576 Catholicism is formally outlawed and Calvinism is established as official religion.

The public church is the only church supported by the state and actively promoted.

There is never a sense that everyone belongs this church though.

Cath is practised behind closed doors.

Question 25

Does the Dutch state try to enforce religious uniformity?

Answer 25

Dutch state never tries to enforce religious uniformity.

This was fitting for commercial republic, dominated by bourgeoisie merchants

State power is desacralized.

Becomes rich through trade.
Identity prosperity with high level of popularisation, religious tolerance, loads bring skills. Possible to have healthy strong nation that not religiously uniformed but not universal.

Question 26

What is meant by Liberty of conscience?

Answer 26

Rests on idea that conscience is internally linked with god. God is inside you judging actions, to force anyone to go against conscience is to go against gods will.

This was a positive, fundamental Christian religious idea.

Question 27

Can Liberty of conscience be used to justify all actions?

Answer 27

Divinely inspired conscience never intending to create broad toleration for all types of behaviour.

Those under sway of Satan/ ignore conscience (atheists) are not allowed this privilege.

Question 28

What was Millenarianism?

Answer 28

Cromwell’s re-admission of Jews 1655

Refers to prophecies in bible, 1000 years’ rule of Christ of earth, these prophecies include the idea that Jews convert to Christianity. It does not imagine endless multi faith society but heading towards unity, the lack of sense of diversity is seen as good thing.

Once conscience set free, follow them. God will lead them to the truth, unity will be restored by God.

Question 29

What does Enlightenment despotism refer to?

Answer 29

Sponsor enlightenment philosophy. interests in balancing ideas to enhance power, enhance human reason and run world under rational manner.

Rather than strengthen hands of the monarchy they do the opposite.

Question 30

What happened in Prussia 1671?

Answer 30

The readmission of Jews to Brandenburg

They were under personal protection, beneficent of absolutist ruler extending personal protection to them, but it was under clear conditions, not allowed synagogues only meet in private houses.

Question 31

Who grants wider religious toleration in Prussia?

Answer 31

Frederick due to expansion of Prussia 17409 -86, by being keen on tolerance increase immigration by encouraging migrants, sees rules in largely secular terms.

Sponsor of pietists in educational reform, desire to moulds subjects into efficient, rational population.

Question 32

What happened to the Jesuits 1773?

Answer 32

In 1773, they were suppressed across the worldby Pope Clement XIV.

Reaction against Jesuits order throughout catholic EU, Jesuits expelled from most parts of catholic EU but pope under pressure to suppress this order.

Question 33

What was the idea of unity linked to?

Answer 33

obedience.

Question 34

When did Joseph pass the toleration edict

Answer 34

1781.

Question 35

What was the Edict of toleration 1781?

Answer 35

For the Jews of lower Austria, no longer need to wear clothes that mark them out, separate them as others.
This was a part of assimilation, make them more German.

Question 36

What is the limit of religious toleration?

Answer 36

Religious prejudice.

Question 37

What was this an age of?

Answer 37

Ebbing belief

Question 38

Toleration is a…?

Answer 38

Religious ideal by enlightenment philosophy.

Question 39

How did the expression of religion change?

Answer 39

A change in people expressed their piety - A privatisation piety, religion interiorised, internalised.

New notions of politeness, fitting behaviour in public, being excessive about religion is associated with incivility

Question 40

What was the intended impact?

Answer 40

Intend to maintain orthodox Christianity by long term of rational nature of religion robs it of emotional hold it has over people.

Question 41

Is the church still dominate?

Answer 41

New forms of sociability compete with church and institution affiliation also competes.

Question 42

Is there improvement?

Answer 42

Dominion over nature; secular use of state power

Contractual understanding of social relation on political power rather than divine will
American declaration of independence 1776

But countervailing tenancies: rural/urban divide, catholic and protestant religion revivals, churches continue to be powerful institutions.