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Poli Sci Global South Final exam > state formation, democratization and regime change > Flashcards

state formation, democratization and regime change Flashcards

1
Q

3 concepts of the state

A

state as an idea- state is a collection of images and ideas put into people’s minds

autonomous factor- pursues goals that do not necessarily reflect interests of a certain group of people

state is a physical organism- max weber; human community that can exert power/physical force over a territory

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2
Q

2 theories of state formation

A

social contract theory- group of people surrender their unlimited freedom to have civil order

predatory theory- state forms out of self-interest and organized around the people with the greatest capacity for violence; rulers goals conflict with society, so they have to give the people something in order for them to cooperate

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3
Q

formation of the industrialized state

A

formed through warfare, industrialization and nationalism (endogenous variables)

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4
Q

formation of the developing state

A

colonial powers (exogenous variables)

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5
Q

resource curse

A

countries with more economic resources tend to have less economic growth, development etc.. than countries with fewer natural resources

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6
Q

rentier state

A

a state’s main income comes from natural resources and foreign aid instead of taxing the people so they feel no accountability to the people to develop the nation

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7
Q

informal institutions

A

rules procedures that are communicated and enforced outside formal institutions that may undermine or re-enforce the formal institutions

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8
Q

patronage

A

distribution of political favours in exchange for support

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9
Q

women’s role in democratization

A

women’s liberation movements and equality of women has led to more democratization

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10
Q

Brazil women’s movement

A

in response to economic hardship and threat to family survival local and working class women revolt led by exiles and the diaspora coming from western countries

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11
Q

Pakistan women’s movement

A

fighting for women’s rights in marriage and pushing against Islamic law

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12
Q

South Korea women’s movement

A

started conjoined with the people’s movement a fight for democracy, then branched off into their own movement

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13
Q

3 ways women’s policy is affected

A

the type of issue, the way the issue is framed, and the political structure

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14
Q

political opportunity structure

A

the success or failure of social movements dependents on political opportunities

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15
Q

gender quotas

A

voluntary or legal mechanisms used to address underrepresentation of women in public and political spheres i.e require 40% of heads of state to be women

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16
Q

descriptive vs. substantive representation

A

descriptive- how much of the seats in office mirror their percentage in the population
substantive- how much their interests are represented in legislation

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17
Q

women policy machinery

A

women’s units within government i.e ministries of women

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18
Q

3 problems with defining civil society

A
  • distinguishing voluntary from involuntary organizations
  • distinguishing between civil and political society
  • determining whether organizations with family ties to the state can be considered civil societies
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19
Q

weak and strong states vs civil society

A

weak states tend to have strong civil societies and vis versa

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20
Q

beneficial vs predatory civil society

A

beneficial- can help allievate some of the problems of weak states
predatory- can hinder the strengthening of states

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21
Q

traditional civil society

A

organized informally and follows patterns with deep and enduring roots in history and society

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22
Q

modern civil society

A

professional NGOs

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23
Q

problems with traditional vs modern civil society

A

traditional- more connected with the people but less democratic
modern- more democratic but less connected with the people

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24
Q

social capital

A

level of social networks, and social trust that is necessary for society to organize and pursue a common goal

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25
Q

4 theories on why social movements occur

A

collective behaviour- social movements occur because expression of grievance and deprivation

resource mobilization- rational choice to participate by organizing and mobilizing resources

political opportunity structure- barriers and resources in the environment lead people to mobilize

framing- giving meaning to movements which increases support and forms common identities

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26
Q

4 types of social movements

A

democratization movements
social justice movements
identity movements
global justice movements

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27
Q

alternative politics

A

political activity that centrally involves ordinary people outside of the political sphere

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28
Q

populist group

A

groups that claim to represent the interest of the people

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29
Q

global justice movement

A

against neo-liberalism, inequality between the north and south etc

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30
Q

hybrid regime/electoral autocracy

A

elections are used an instrument for authoritarian rule i.e rulers implement discriminatory electoral rules oppress opponents

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31
Q

fallacy of electoralism

A

privileging electoral contestation as though that were sufficient for democracy to exist

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32
Q

pact transitions

A

democratic transition is a result of agreements between political elites and the regime

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33
Q

wealth theory of democracy

A

successful democracy is dependent on economic standing of the country

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34
Q

crucial choice

A

the choice has to be made by the global south to either focus on economic development or copy the political systems of the west

35
Q

democratization backwards

A

introducing free elections before other fundamentals of democracy like political competition have been established

36
Q

delegative democracy

A

the one who wins elections has the right to run the country the way they see fit

37
Q

human rights and democratization

A
  • human rights is rooted in democracy

- democracies tend respect human rights more than autocracies

38
Q

human rights in developing countries

A

countries tend to prioritize state development over human rights because human rights is not conducive to state development

39
Q

political islam

A

political movements that integrate Islamic fundamentalism

40
Q

cultural imperialism

A

the domination of vulnerable peoples by the culture of economically and politically powerful societies i.e western power’s imposition of their definition on human rights on developing countries.

41
Q

Pakistan; military rule and divide and rule strategy

A

since 1947 (Indo-Pakistan war) Pakistan has been under military domination, military rule- unstable civilian government with military pulling the strings and General M. using divide and rule to keep political power

42
Q

Indonesia; fall; regime change;

A

Begins with authoritarian regime that sustains economic growth, Asian economic crisis affects Indonesia and growing dissatisfaction in the regime leads to regime change to multiparty system/decentralization of power; this is support my int’l system supposed to increase democracy but it doesn’t

43
Q

Syria; arab spring

A

arab spring- protest against a repressive government, social movements formed through framing then militarized

44
Q

3 types of interactions between ethnic groups

A

cooperative, competitive, conflictual

45
Q

national identities based on which 4 factors

A
  • monopoly of ethnic identities
  • colonial policies
  • presence of alternative identities
  • the state itself
46
Q

what conditions are conducive to cooperation

A
  • small advantages and disadvantages
  • history of non-violent mobilization
  • institutionalized multi-parties
  • international institutions that support heterogeneity (are not supporting one side/ethnic group)
47
Q

ethnic morphology

A

form and structure of groups in a society

48
Q

multicultural national identities

A

identifying different ethnicities with an overarching national identity i.e Canada

49
Q

civic nationalism

A

involving unity among citizens of an autonomous state

50
Q

politicide

A

extermination of political enemies

51
Q

switch from civic nationalism to multi-ethnic identities

A

at independence the forced unity upon society by banishing ethnic divisions, which just drove it underground created further divisions, many developing countries have switched multi-ethnic cultures which accepts the diversity of ethnic groups in politics

52
Q

religious spiritual vs material def

A

spiritual- creates a model to which people should order their lives
material- creates an incentive for to pursue political goals

53
Q

3 types of church state relations

A
  • concessional states- states that try to order the society according to God’ plan for mankind
  • generally religious states- states that have religion in the foundations of their state and society
  • liberal secular models- state comes before church
54
Q

Christian democracy

A

applying Christian beliefs on electoral politics

55
Q

liberalization theology

A

school of thought that looks at the relationship between Christian theology and political activism (social justice etc)

56
Q

the transition from colonial rule led to 3 types of conflict

A
  • political exclusion from newly independent states
  • ethnic conflicts/secessionist struggles
  • domestic conflicts sparked my the war on independence (liberalization struggles)
57
Q

cold war effect on g.s conflicts

A

social order conflicts were heightened because of the competition between the U.S and USSR

58
Q

proxy war

A

war on behalf of the global powers during the cold war in developing countries

59
Q

war on terror

A

U.S and allies campaign to end global terrorism

60
Q

peace-building after 2008 global financial crisis

A

enthusiasm to peace build especially after the failures in the middle east went down

61
Q

governance

A

the process with by which decisions are made and implemented

62
Q

what are keys to good governance

A

effective taxation and the absence of corruption

63
Q

causes of corruption

A

low public benefits, low wages, job insecurity, natural resources, monitoring issues, foreign owned companies

64
Q

Iraq; regime change, US intervention, failed transition, oil

A

US helps overthrow Saddam Hussien and turns Iraq from authoritarian to democratic state, transition failed because it was too rushed, the new system encouraged corruption.
the constant war against US occupation, fluctuating oil prices and a failed regime change has led to the deterioration of economic and human development

65
Q

contributing factors to South Korea’s developmental success

A
  • ## traditional/historical elements of society that were conducive to national unity
66
Q

south korea’s transition to democracy

A

started with state led economic development, but as small business grew they wanted more freedom and called for democracy; other social movements led by students and workers for democracy were successful and led to regime change

67
Q

what stops democratic consolidation in South Korea

A

corruption

68
Q

what are 3 are three activities in the financial global economy

A
  • trade
  • financial movements
  • investments
69
Q

how does the post-colonial system of trade persist in the modern global trade system

A

former colonies provide the raw materials and imperial powers provide the manufacturing skill

70
Q

How is the global economic system changing in the modern world

A

it is shifting towards Asia as economic prosperity leads them to becoming more involved in the global economic system

71
Q

ways developing countries are disadvantaged in the global economic system

A
  • developed countries are getting more benefits
  • price fluctuations in commodities are negatively affecting developing countries economies
  • protectionism in developed countries is making it hard for them to compete
72
Q

effects of financial liberalization of developing countries

A

created financial disruptions in developing countries

73
Q

challenges of developing countries getting into environmental issues

A
  • environmental issues are competing with developmental issues
  • most environmental damage is caused the west and not the global south
  • developing countries cannot come to a consensus on environmental policy because of their competing interests in natural resources
74
Q

factors that limit developing countries involvement in environmental issues

A
  • weak economies
  • insufficient knowledge to create policy
  • weak enforcement capacity
75
Q

new tactics to tackling environmental issues

A
  • state regulation to industry regulation, developing countries are making environmental requirements for goods and services from developing countries
  • civil regulation- actions taken by civil society to regulate company actions with respect to the environment
76
Q

how is China getting more involved in the world economy

A
  • development banks
  • more overseas trade and multinational companies
  • helping establish BRICS development bank
77
Q

3 goals of China

A
  • secure access to resources
  • counter balance U.S dominance in Asia-pacific region
  • promote Chinese business
78
Q

China’s development of soft power

A
  • promoting its language and culture
  • presence at conferences and gathers of the international community
  • military presence- biggest contribution to UN peacekeeping
79
Q

controversies surround China’s increasing presence

A
  • environmental issues with their use of resources
  • neo-colonialism
  • involvement with rogue states
  • social issues- only hiring their people for top managerial positions
80
Q

global stewardship

A

managing resources for the good of mankind

81
Q

recent international goals of Brazil

A
  • to better democratize the international system

- to create stronger south-south cooperation

82
Q

key international issues for Brazil

A
  • trade agreements i.e China
  • climate and environment issues: won’t ascribe to environmental prevention i.e amazon rain forest
  • financial draw backs i.e global financial crisis
83
Q

India in the international system

A
  • leader in the developing world, advocating against neo-colonial structures in the international system
  • long history of investments in Asia and Africa

Poli Sci Global South Final exam (3 decks)

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