state formation, democratization and regime change Flashcards
3 concepts of the state
state as an idea- state is a collection of images and ideas put into people’s minds
autonomous factor- pursues goals that do not necessarily reflect interests of a certain group of people
state is a physical organism- max weber; human community that can exert power/physical force over a territory
2 theories of state formation
social contract theory- group of people surrender their unlimited freedom to have civil order
predatory theory- state forms out of self-interest and organized around the people with the greatest capacity for violence; rulers goals conflict with society, so they have to give the people something in order for them to cooperate
formation of the industrialized state
formed through warfare, industrialization and nationalism (endogenous variables)
formation of the developing state
colonial powers (exogenous variables)
resource curse
countries with more economic resources tend to have less economic growth, development etc.. than countries with fewer natural resources
rentier state
a state’s main income comes from natural resources and foreign aid instead of taxing the people so they feel no accountability to the people to develop the nation
informal institutions
rules procedures that are communicated and enforced outside formal institutions that may undermine or re-enforce the formal institutions
patronage
distribution of political favours in exchange for support
women’s role in democratization
women’s liberation movements and equality of women has led to more democratization
Brazil women’s movement
in response to economic hardship and threat to family survival local and working class women revolt led by exiles and the diaspora coming from western countries
Pakistan women’s movement
fighting for women’s rights in marriage and pushing against Islamic law
South Korea women’s movement
started conjoined with the people’s movement a fight for democracy, then branched off into their own movement
3 ways women’s policy is affected
the type of issue, the way the issue is framed, and the political structure
political opportunity structure
the success or failure of social movements dependents on political opportunities
gender quotas
voluntary or legal mechanisms used to address underrepresentation of women in public and political spheres i.e require 40% of heads of state to be women
descriptive vs. substantive representation
descriptive- how much of the seats in office mirror their percentage in the population
substantive- how much their interests are represented in legislation
women policy machinery
women’s units within government i.e ministries of women
3 problems with defining civil society
- distinguishing voluntary from involuntary organizations
- distinguishing between civil and political society
- determining whether organizations with family ties to the state can be considered civil societies
weak and strong states vs civil society
weak states tend to have strong civil societies and vis versa
beneficial vs predatory civil society
beneficial- can help allievate some of the problems of weak states
predatory- can hinder the strengthening of states
traditional civil society
organized informally and follows patterns with deep and enduring roots in history and society
modern civil society
professional NGOs
problems with traditional vs modern civil society
traditional- more connected with the people but less democratic
modern- more democratic but less connected with the people
social capital
level of social networks, and social trust that is necessary for society to organize and pursue a common goal
4 theories on why social movements occur
collective behaviour- social movements occur because expression of grievance and deprivation
resource mobilization- rational choice to participate by organizing and mobilizing resources
political opportunity structure- barriers and resources in the environment lead people to mobilize
framing- giving meaning to movements which increases support and forms common identities
4 types of social movements
democratization movements
social justice movements
identity movements
global justice movements
alternative politics
political activity that centrally involves ordinary people outside of the political sphere
populist group
groups that claim to represent the interest of the people
global justice movement
against neo-liberalism, inequality between the north and south etc
hybrid regime/electoral autocracy
elections are used an instrument for authoritarian rule i.e rulers implement discriminatory electoral rules oppress opponents
fallacy of electoralism
privileging electoral contestation as though that were sufficient for democracy to exist
pact transitions
democratic transition is a result of agreements between political elites and the regime
wealth theory of democracy
successful democracy is dependent on economic standing of the country
crucial choice
the choice has to be made by the global south to either focus on economic development or copy the political systems of the west
democratization backwards
introducing free elections before other fundamentals of democracy like political competition have been established
delegative democracy
the one who wins elections has the right to run the country the way they see fit
human rights and democratization
- human rights is rooted in democracy
- democracies tend respect human rights more than autocracies
human rights in developing countries
countries tend to prioritize state development over human rights because human rights is not conducive to state development
political islam
political movements that integrate Islamic fundamentalism
cultural imperialism
the domination of vulnerable peoples by the culture of economically and politically powerful societies i.e western power’s imposition of their definition on human rights on developing countries.
Pakistan; military rule and divide and rule strategy
since 1947 (Indo-Pakistan war) Pakistan has been under military domination, military rule- unstable civilian government with military pulling the strings and General M. using divide and rule to keep political power
Indonesia; fall; regime change;
Begins with authoritarian regime that sustains economic growth, Asian economic crisis affects Indonesia and growing dissatisfaction in the regime leads to regime change to multiparty system/decentralization of power; this is support my int’l system supposed to increase democracy but it doesn’t
Syria; arab spring
arab spring- protest against a repressive government, social movements formed through framing then militarized
3 types of interactions between ethnic groups
cooperative, competitive, conflictual
national identities based on which 4 factors
- monopoly of ethnic identities
- colonial policies
- presence of alternative identities
- the state itself
what conditions are conducive to cooperation
- small advantages and disadvantages
- history of non-violent mobilization
- institutionalized multi-parties
- international institutions that support heterogeneity (are not supporting one side/ethnic group)
ethnic morphology
form and structure of groups in a society
multicultural national identities
identifying different ethnicities with an overarching national identity i.e Canada
civic nationalism
involving unity among citizens of an autonomous state
politicide
extermination of political enemies
switch from civic nationalism to multi-ethnic identities
at independence the forced unity upon society by banishing ethnic divisions, which just drove it underground created further divisions, many developing countries have switched multi-ethnic cultures which accepts the diversity of ethnic groups in politics
religious spiritual vs material def
spiritual- creates a model to which people should order their lives
material- creates an incentive for to pursue political goals
3 types of church state relations
- concessional states- states that try to order the society according to God’ plan for mankind
- generally religious states- states that have religion in the foundations of their state and society
- liberal secular models- state comes before church
Christian democracy
applying Christian beliefs on electoral politics
liberalization theology
school of thought that looks at the relationship between Christian theology and political activism (social justice etc)
the transition from colonial rule led to 3 types of conflict
- political exclusion from newly independent states
- ethnic conflicts/secessionist struggles
- domestic conflicts sparked my the war on independence (liberalization struggles)
cold war effect on g.s conflicts
social order conflicts were heightened because of the competition between the U.S and USSR
proxy war
war on behalf of the global powers during the cold war in developing countries
war on terror
U.S and allies campaign to end global terrorism
peace-building after 2008 global financial crisis
enthusiasm to peace build especially after the failures in the middle east went down
governance
the process with by which decisions are made and implemented
what are keys to good governance
effective taxation and the absence of corruption
causes of corruption
low public benefits, low wages, job insecurity, natural resources, monitoring issues, foreign owned companies
Iraq; regime change, US intervention, failed transition, oil
US helps overthrow Saddam Hussien and turns Iraq from authoritarian to democratic state, transition failed because it was too rushed, the new system encouraged corruption.
the constant war against US occupation, fluctuating oil prices and a failed regime change has led to the deterioration of economic and human development
contributing factors to South Korea’s developmental success
- ## traditional/historical elements of society that were conducive to national unity
south korea’s transition to democracy
started with state led economic development, but as small business grew they wanted more freedom and called for democracy; other social movements led by students and workers for democracy were successful and led to regime change
what stops democratic consolidation in South Korea
corruption
what are 3 are three activities in the financial global economy
- trade
- financial movements
- investments
how does the post-colonial system of trade persist in the modern global trade system
former colonies provide the raw materials and imperial powers provide the manufacturing skill
How is the global economic system changing in the modern world
it is shifting towards Asia as economic prosperity leads them to becoming more involved in the global economic system
ways developing countries are disadvantaged in the global economic system
- developed countries are getting more benefits
- price fluctuations in commodities are negatively affecting developing countries economies
- protectionism in developed countries is making it hard for them to compete
effects of financial liberalization of developing countries
created financial disruptions in developing countries
challenges of developing countries getting into environmental issues
- environmental issues are competing with developmental issues
- most environmental damage is caused the west and not the global south
- developing countries cannot come to a consensus on environmental policy because of their competing interests in natural resources
factors that limit developing countries involvement in environmental issues
- weak economies
- insufficient knowledge to create policy
- weak enforcement capacity
new tactics to tackling environmental issues
- state regulation to industry regulation, developing countries are making environmental requirements for goods and services from developing countries
- civil regulation- actions taken by civil society to regulate company actions with respect to the environment
how is China getting more involved in the world economy
- development banks
- more overseas trade and multinational companies
- helping establish BRICS development bank
3 goals of China
- secure access to resources
- counter balance U.S dominance in Asia-pacific region
- promote Chinese business
China’s development of soft power
- promoting its language and culture
- presence at conferences and gathers of the international community
- military presence- biggest contribution to UN peacekeeping
controversies surround China’s increasing presence
- environmental issues with their use of resources
- neo-colonialism
- involvement with rogue states
- social issues- only hiring their people for top managerial positions
global stewardship
managing resources for the good of mankind
recent international goals of Brazil
- to better democratize the international system
- to create stronger south-south cooperation
key international issues for Brazil
- trade agreements i.e China
- climate and environment issues: won’t ascribe to environmental prevention i.e amazon rain forest
- financial draw backs i.e global financial crisis
India in the international system
- leader in the developing world, advocating against neo-colonial structures in the international system
- long history of investments in Asia and Africa
