Final Exam Flashcards
Nomenclature
set of terms that form the vocabulary of a particular discipline i.e political science
essentially contested concepts
term has high degree of definitional variation
multiparadigmatic
consists of a various range of theories
historically specific
terms are historically conditioned i.e global south
events that brought about the term global south
north-south dialogue, end of the cold war, collapse of the second world, decolonization, and the end of the second world war
north- south dialogue
the dialogue between rich states in the north and poor states in the south, about a change to the unfair economic order
decolonization
voluntary or involuntary relinquishment of colonies
third world
states inhabited by non-Europeans who were colonized by Europeans and gained independence after decolonization
what experiences were shared by 3rd world countries
imperialism and decolonization
dependency (during the cold war)
the first world made a condition of alignment in order to give the third world assistance
NAM
non-aligned movement group of third world countries aligned with neither the west or the soviets (these countries were led by india)
what was the first north-south dialogue meeting and when
the independent commission on international development issues 1977
what are the brandt reports
2 reports on the first north-south dialogue conference
the first one was asking for change, and the second was in response to no change being made.
what was the name of the second north-south dialogue meeting and how was it different; when
South Commision; it was chaired by the Tanzanian president (rep of the global south), they self-determined and defined themselves, 1987
common characteristics of the global south
- lagging behind in development, weak economies, dependent on the north, weak infrastructures like education and healthcare, de jure sovereignty
circular and cumulative causation
low living levels cause low productivity which perpetuates low living levels
characteristics of power
ubiquitous, consequential, empowering, there is positive and negative power
hard vs soft power
hard- tangible, measurable, observable power,
soft- intangible, immeasurable, unobservable
imperialism
the process of empire building
empire
a group of states under a supreme authority; a product of imperialism
characteristics of empires
special entities (outside imperial power’s boundaries), constructed through conquests, previously independent, involved in systems of domination and exploitation
formal empires
scramble for Africa, settler colonies
informal empires
protectorate- control over international affairs and defence of a country, sphere of influence- exclusive access to resources of that country, leasehold- exclusive rights to land/resources of a country
2 phases of imperialism
mercantilism- competition for resources
industrial revolution- looking for new markets
asymmetrical interdependence
when one country relies on the other for survival and in one more good are going out than coming in and more money is coming in than going out
statism and how it is implemented
state has central control of economic and social affairs of the region in order to ensure that they serve the purposes of the state; this is done through state intervention in the economy and protectionism
industrial revolution and imperialism
Industrial revolution created overproduction and under consumption because they needed to find new markets and also decrease unemployment because of cutbacks in production
J.A Hobson’s liberal solution to overproduction in the industrial revolution
pay workers more so they can buy more products
Lenin’s solution to overproduction in industrial revolution
imperialism
scramble for concessions
Japan, US, and China want to carve China up into spheres of influence to trade with them
century of humiliation
China losses the opium wars to Britain and Britain has unlimited access to China’s markets and resources and must pay Britain indemnities
principle of extraterritoriality
the law of the land does not apply to a foreigner and only the government of that foreigner can prosecute them
catalysts of decolonization
WW1- Woodrow Wilson wants to put an end to the war and he suggests decolonization to weaken the imperial powers who are driving the war, decolonization never went passed Europe
WW2- Axis powers have to relinquish colonies after they loose the war
Decline of imperial powers- war, and other economic crisis i.e great depression depleted their resources/spread them out to thin unable to maintain colonies
cold war- soveits and americans push for decolonization because they can have access to these countries as allies
assumptions of modernization theory
- development is unidirectional
- development is inevitable
- development has stages of growth
- the end of goal of development is western society
- failure to develop is caused by internal factors
- diffusionism
criticisms of modernization theory
- ethnocentric
- ignores the historical context of each state
- assumes they are all the same
- ignores international factors that hinder development
- assumes development is a harmonious journey
assumptions of dependency theory
- not all societies begin in an undeveloped state
- integration into the capitalist system will have a negative impact on development
- failure to develop is best explained by external factors
- historical context is important to a country’s development
what are the foundations of dependency theory
classical-Marxist- anti-capitalism and they transfer the bourgeoisie vs. proletariat relationship to relationship between northern and southern states
core-periphery dynamic
assymetrical relationship between the core and the periphery in which the core expands into the periphery
Boarders created by imperialism (imperial legacy) secessionism
an ethnic group wanting to leave and make a nation of their own, but others want to keep the nation entact
under-institutionalization
imperial legacy, after decolonization they had inadequate institutions because the institutions established by colonies were meant to exploit not develop
factors that left an imperial legacy
borders, military intervention (colonialists used military to create social order and that was the only thing they had to maintain order after decolonization therefore democracy was stalled), under-institutionalism, exploiting resources
neo-colonialism
informal domination and continued exploitation of former colonies by former imperial powers
international economic integration and examples
use international systems as a tool of exploitation of global south i.e international aid, trade, insurance costs interest rates on loans
comprador bourgeoisie
people internally within the global south who are perpetuating the exploitation of their own people
Andrew Gunter Frank theory
the global south will eventually revolt against this exploitation and cooperate together the develop, this will cause a rippling effect in the north to realize their own exploitation by their governments and they will cooperate with the south
development of underdevelopment
zero-sum game between north and south, in which the north will continue to develop at the expense of the global south
association dependent development
some countries will develop under dependency theory because the north will develop them for their own means, to stop alliance with communists, and also to regulate their growth and stop them from being an international competitor
statulization
when people come together and form social organizations that have the characteristics of a state
characteristics of the state
- social entity
- spacial entity
- governed entity
- historical entity
- sovereign entity
forms of sovereignty
- domestic- social control, collect taxes
- interdependence- they control who comes in and out of their borders
- westphalian- right to non-intervention
- international legal- can participate in international institutions to maintain international order, and intervene in international affairs to protect itself
regime
a form of governance
democratic peace theory
democracies don’t go to war with each other
regime type and subtype
type- democratic vs autocratic, subtype- authoritarian, totalitarian etc
core characteristics of democracy
accountability, competition, equality, freedom, civil society, rule of law, autonomous economic sphere (free market), civil-military relations, social homogeneity (major ethnic group=major political views),
civil society
voluntary citizens based organizations independent from the state these groups educate people in democracy by teaching them to express their interests
rule of law
constraints on the government to abide by the law as well as everyone in the state
constitutionalism
state that is governed by the constitution and through it the rule of law can be put into effect
constitution
blue print of a country’s political organization
compliant bureaucracy
specialized positions/roles, merit based, apolitical
autonomous economic spheres
complex economy that leads to differing interests and a democracy must be ready to satisfy these differing interests
democratic political culture
the political views of the people align with those of the regime
civil-military relations
the military submits to the will of the civilian led government
4 types of democracy promotion
conditionalities, regime change, democracy assistance (diffusionism), globalization
process of democratization
democratic transition, democratic consolidation, democratic deconsolidation, democratic breakdown, democratic rejuvenation
characteristics of strong states
hegemonic idea of the state, de-facto sovereignty, regime security, infrastructural power, socio-political cohesion
2 ways of monopolizing power
despotic power vs. infrastructural power
types of coups
bloody vs bloodless, veto coup (prevent something from happening), guardian coup ( intervene when not enough is being done to prevent insurgency)
types of military control
direct military control- military officers also have roles in government
tutelary- civilians govern but must consider the interests of the military
military control- civilian governments govern but military is behind the scenes pulling the strings
conjoin rule- military and civilians rule together
vampire state
states use their power to advance their interests at the expense of the people and extract resources to enrich themselves
5 weak state strategies
fierce state strategy- using despotic power
divide and rule- pit groups against each other so they do not unite against you
patrimonial strategy- use state’s resources to keep them in power and gives these resources out in exchange for support
elite accommodation- putting enemies or competitors in government
ethnic manipulation
positive vs. negative assessment of post cold war period
positive- long peace because major powers are no longer at conflict
negative- new conflicts will arise, it will be worse than before
continuity theory of post cold war period
nothing will change because the int’l system will remain anarchical so everyone will still fight to be on top
francis fukuyama theory of post cold war period
the west has won and now the international system will be westernized= peace because of democratic peace theory and implementation of capitalist system will make the international economic system make countries more dependent on each other and less likely to become go to war with each other
post-historical societies
weak states that will be outside the development of the newly westernized international system and not benefit from it
peace dividend
money that would be put into war is redirected to edu, health etc
pessimistic post-cold war view
the climate will be more dangerous than before defined by zones of peace and zones of turmoil and zones of peace will try to protect themselves against any spill over from the zones of turmoil through containment and selective intervention
failed state thesis
failed states are the biggest threat to developed states because they can become safe havens for international terrorist group, and migration to these countries can bring disease and etc
rogue state thesis
rogue states- act aggressively in the international system in order to dominate it are a threat to the international system because they are crazy states
3 types of resource wars
water wars, poverty wars, pollution wars
who’s idea was the clash of civilizations
Samuel Huntington
clash of civilizations definition
world is transitioning from a west-phalian state to civilizations and identifying with civilizations and their will be conflict between civilizations
what are the 8 civilizations
Western, Latin-American, Slavic, Hindu, Chinese, Japanese, African, Islamic
intersubjective identity vs. supra-intersubjective identity
supra- highest level identity that draws people together
intersubjective- sub-identities that come after the supra
difference between micro and macro level conflicts in clash of civilizations theory
micro-level- within civilizations can be resolved because they have common ground, macro-level conflicts are not resolvable because they have no common ground
power transition theory
the international system is a cycle of peaceful and violent periods
cycle of power transition theory
hegemonic power- peaceful power hegemonic power looses power and other countries fight to be the hegemonic power- violence, another hegemonic power is established- peace again
theories and their problems in power transition cycle
Pax Nipponica, Asian financial crisis
Pax Germinica, involvement/subsidizing the EU
Pax Europa, EU is too divided
G20 (BRICS)
Chinese threat thesis
internally china is weak and because the global economy is so integrated with its economy if China goes down so does the rest of the world
China’s 5 principles of peaceful co-existence
mutual respect for sovereignty non interference into other states domestic affairs peaceful co-existence mutual benefit mutual non-aggression
status disequilibrium
country’s rank in the international system doesn’t reflect how much power it actually has
neo-containment
US redirects containment from the middle east to China to stay on top
two perspectives on US power decline
renewalist vs declinist
