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Endo and cell signalling > Stas - signalling and what have you > Flashcards

Stas - signalling and what have you Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of chemical transport

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated transport
Active transport

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2
Q

Give some types of chemical receptors and their response times

A

> Channel linked receptor (milliseconds)
G-protein coupled receptor (Seconds)
Kinase-linked receptor (Minutes)
Steroid receptor (hours)

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3
Q

Which receptor is

a) Ionotropic
b) Metabotropic

A

Ionotropic = Channel linked receptor (e.g. nicotinic receptor)

Metabotropic = G-protein coupled receptor
(eg muscarinic receptor)

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4
Q

What happens inside the cell after activation of a kinase-linked receptor before a cellular response happens

A

e.g. Insulin

Protein phosphorylation

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5
Q

What are the differences between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

A

Ionotropic receptors are molecules that can open or close to allow smaller particles such as ions to flow in and out of cells (lingand-gated transmembrane ion channels)

Metabotropic receptors are linked to a G-protein/enzyme, which is activated upon ligand binding and activates a secondary messenger such as an ion channel
Glutamate receptors and tyrpsine kinase receptors are metabotropic receptors

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6
Q

Give an example of direct cell to cell contact

A

adhesion molecules

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7
Q

Give an example of secreted ligands

A
  • netrins
  • neurotransmitters
  • trophic factors etc.
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8
Q

What are the 2 main types of synaptic transmission

A

Electrical and Chemical

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9
Q

Give an example of an excitatory (spiny) and inhibitory (non spiny) transmitter

A

Excitatory = glutamate/aspartate

Inhibitory = GABA/glycine

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10
Q

What types of metabotropic receptors are INSIDE a cell

A

receptors for steroids and vitamins e.t.c

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11
Q

The _______ surrounding axons is critical to the propagation of action potentials. It essentially serves to maintain conductivity; without it, action potentials would travel much more slowly

A

Myelin sheith

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12
Q

What is the ligand for the NMDA receptor and what is it’s function?

A

Glutamate

Controlls synaptic plasticity and memory

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13
Q

The NMDAR is a specific type of ______ glutamate receptor

A

The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor

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14
Q

The NMDA receptor forms a ______mer between two Glu__ and two Glu__ subunits

A

The NMDA receptor forms a heterotetramer between two GluN1 and two GluN2 subunits wo GluN2 subunits

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15
Q

NMDA receptor:
The extracellular domain contains two globular structures: a _____ domain and a _____ domain. NR1 subunits bind the co-agonist ____ and NR2 subunits bind the neurotransmitter ______.

A

The extracellular domain contains two globular structures: a modulatory domain and a ligand-binding domain. NR1 subunits bind the co-agonist glycine and NR2 subunits bind the neurotransmitter glutamate.

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16
Q

NMDA receptor:
Each subunit has an extensive cytoplasmic domain, which contain residues that can be directly modified by a series of protein ____ses and protein _____ses,

A

Each subunit has an extensive cytoplasmic domain, which contain residues that can be directly modified by a series of protein kinases and protein phosphatases,

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17
Q

____ not only blocks the NMDA channel in a voltage-dependent manner but also potentiates NMDA-induced responses at positive membrane potentials.

A

Mg2+ not only blocks the NMDA channel in a voltage-dependent manner but also potentiates NMDA-induced responses at positive membrane potentials.

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18
Q

Give some biological functions mediated by G-protein linked receptors

A

taste, smell, vision… via neurotransmission, cell growth and differentiation, reorganisation of cytoskeleton, intracellular transport and exo/endocytosis

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of G-proteins?

A

Heteritrimeric and

small g proteins

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20
Q

Give some features of G-proteins

e.g. signal amplification

A

> slower than ionotropic
offer great environment for regulation
long-lasting with regulated clock option
evolutionary old and >highly conserved

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21
Q

What are small G proteins and their use

A

Superfamily of “switch” proteins, which are essential regulators of signal transduction leading to organization of the cytoskeleton and cellular traffic.
e.g.
>Ras cell proliferation and differentiation
>regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA and proteins during the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle and microtubule organization during the M phase

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22
Q

What are the components of the EGF transduction pathway

A 
>Small G protein (EGF receptor and Phosphorylated tyrosine kinase domaine
>Grb-2 adapter protein
>Sos
>Ras
>GTPase activation protein
23
Q

What are aniston cells?

A

hyper specific neurones responsible for memory.

Formed by potentiation of existing synapses and formation of new ones

24
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

a functional alteration in synaptic transmission, which results in a persistent upregulation of synaptic efficacy

25
Q

Long term potentiation is:

•Rapidly induced, l_____, c____, a____, i____, a_____, c_______

A

Rapidly induced, long lasting, cooperative, additive, input specific, associative, competitive

26
Q

What does the TAGS hypothesis seek to explain?

A

how neurosignalling at a particular synapse creates a target for subsequent PRP trafficking essential for sustained ovelapping LTP and LTD.
It has been established that they form as a result of high or low frequency stimulation, interact with incoming PRPs, and have a limited lifespan

27
Q

What are plasticity products?

A

mRNA genetic artifacts and protein products triggered by transcription factors, leading to long-lasting long term potentiation (L-LTP) and sustained alterations in synaptic strength

28
Q

What are the two types of long term potentiation and what do they mean?

A

S-LTP (short-lasting)
and L-LTP (long-lasting)
In S-LTP the stimulus is strong enough to induce long-term potentiation but too weak to trigger intracellular events necessary to sustain synaptic changes. L-LTP is much less transient than S-LTP and involves the generation of new proteins through translation and transcription

29
Q

What is the genomic signaling hypothesis for induction of L-LTP

A
  1. A stimulus is strong enough to induce L-LTP is delivered.
  2. A signaling cascade begins, leading to phosphorylation of transcription factors.
  3. mRNA is produced leading to subsequent translation of new proteins to sustain synaptic changes.
30
Q

What are the 9 sensory modules?

A

Sight, hearing, olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), vestibular sense of equilibrium, touch, pain, proprioception (sense of body position), temperature

31
Q

What are the somatic sensory modules?

A

pain, proprioception (sense of body position), temperature

32
Q

What are the features of rods, what do they contain and what vision are they responsible for?

A

Numerous (120mill), Sensitive, No colour

They are responsible for our dark-adapted, or scotopic, vision. Motion sensors. Contain rhodopsin

33
Q

What are the features of cones, what do they contain and what vision are they responsible for?

A

= 6-7 mill, colour sensitivity, concentrated in the macula

“red” cones (64%), “green” cones (32%), and “blue” cones (2%)

34
Q

Rhodopsins belong to the ______ receptor family and are extremely sensitive to ___, enabling vision in ____ conditions

A

Rhodopsins belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor family and are extremely sensitive to light, enabling vision in low-light conditions

35
Q

Rhodopsin:

Exposed to light, the pigment immediately ______, and it takes about __ minutes to regenerate fully in human

A

Exposed to light, the pigment immediately photobleaches, and it takes about 45 minutes to regenerate fully in humans

36
Q

Rhodopsin consists of the protein moiety ___ and a reversibly covalently bound cofactor, ____

A

Rhodopsin consists of the protein moiety opsin and a reversibly covalently bound cofactor, retinal

37
Q

opsin binds _____

A

binds retinal (a photoreactive chromophore)

38
Q

One of the most important differences between cones and rods is in the ______ sequence of the ____ component of the rhodopsin molecule

A

One of the most important differences between cones and rods is in the amino acid sequence of the opsin component of the rhodopsin molecule

39
Q

Why do the cones in the three classes of vertebrate differ in their absorbtion spectra?

A

the amino acid sequence of their opsin molecules (opsin is the protein component of rhodopsin, the visual pigment that actually absorbs photons) differs

40
Q

When the photoreceptors in the retina are not receiving light, they _______

A

depolarize

41
Q

What reduces the incidence of spontaneous depolarization in retinal cells

A

Because the photoreceptors actually prevent the bipolar cells from depolarizing when they’re receiving no light

42
Q

What are the degradation products of rhodopsin after receiving light energy?
(Remember the red bubblegum pneumonic)

A 
Rhodopsin
Bathorhodopsin
Lumirhodopsin
Metrahodopsin 1
Metrahodopsin2
Scotopsin
43
Q

What is the pathway of odorants before reaching the olfactory epithelium?

A

Septum -> Vomeronasal organ -> Nasal cavity -> Olfactory epithelium

44
Q

What is the pathway of odorants after reaching the olfactory epithelium before reaching the olfactory bulb?

A 
Mucus layer ->
Cilia of olfactory cells ->
Olfactory receptor cell ->
Basal cell ->
Cribriform plate ->
Olfactory nerve
45
Q

The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as ____ such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor

A

glomeruli

46
Q

What is the first level of synaptic processing?

A

The glomeruli layer of the olfactory bulb

47
Q

How does binding of an odorant particle cause depolarisation?

A

> activates a G protein, which then activates adenylate cyclase, leading to cAMP production
. cAMP then binds and opens Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel
This opening allows for an influx of both Na+ and Ca2+ ions into the cell, thus depolarizing it
. The Ca2+ in turn activates chloride channels, causing efflux of Cl-, which results in a further depolarization of the cell.

48
Q

What is the brain structure responsible for the perception of taste?

A

The primary gustatory cortex

49
Q

What are the 2 structures of the primary gustatory cortex?

A

anterior insula on the insular lobe

frontal operculum on the frontal lobe

50
Q

What is the mechanism of transduction of saltiness?

A

Na+ passes through Amiloride-sensitive sodium cation channel

51
Q

What is the mechanism of transduction of sourness?

A

H+ passes through Amiloride-sensitive sodium cation channel

52
Q

What is the mechanism of transduction of sweetness?

A

Sucrose passes through T1R2/T1R3 G-protein coupled receptor

53
Q

What is the mechanism of transduction of bitterness?

A

T2R or TRPM channel

54
Q

What is the mechanism of transduction of umami taste?

A

TRPM and T1R1/T1R3 channel coupled to G protein

Endo and cell signalling (12 decks)

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