Staphylococcaceae and Micrococcus species Flashcards
1
Q
Staphylococcal infections of the skin
A
pyogenic
2
Q
inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus restricted to ostia
A
abscess
3
Q
a mild inflammation of the superficial dermis of the hair follicles
A
Folliculitis
4
Q
characterized by the presence of small, reddish, painful lesions and the absence of systemic symptoms
A
Folliculitis
5
Q
If folliculitis occurs in the eyelid, it is referred to as
A
stye (or sty).
6
Q
a chronic or relapsing inflammatory disease of the skin, involving the apocrine gland-bearing areas axillae, groin, perineal
A
Hidradenitis suppurativa
7
Q
characterized by presence of multiple lesions associated with blocked and infected apocrine sweat glands
A
Hidradenitis suppurativa
8
Q
local pain (swelling and erythema) = present
systemic symptoms (fever) = absent.
A
Hidradenitis suppurativa
9
Q
little thief
A
furunculus
10
Q
is a
deeper-seated infection of the hair follicles
A
Furuncle
11
Q
boil
A
Furuncle
12
Q
results when the inflammation of single hair follicle or sebaceous gland progresses into a large, red, extremely tender abscess or pustule
A
Furuncle
13
Q
Furuncles often appear in clusters where skin rubs against other skin or clothing
A
furunculosis
14
Q
little coal
A
carbunculus
15
Q
a larger and deeper lesion created by aggregation and interconnection of a cluster of furuncles
A
Carbuncle
16
Q
found in areas of which tough skin such as on the back of the neck
A
Carbuncle
17
Q
not confined to follicles and skin glands
A
Impetigo
18
Q
to attack
A
impetus
19
Q
characterized by bubble-like epidermal sweeping that can break and peel away like a localized form of scalded skin syndrome
A
Impetigo
20
Q
present on exposed areas
A
Impetigo
21
Q
autoinoculation
A
Impetigo
22
Q
two forms of Impetigo
A
non-bullous and bullous
23
Q
begins as a single red macule (patch) or papule that quickly becomes a vesicle
A
Non-bullous impetigo
24
Q
vesicle rupture and forms an erosion
A
Non-bullous impetigo
25
honey-colored crusts with erythematous
(reddish) margins that may be pruritic
(itchy)
Non-bullous impetigo
26
a localized form of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome that common affects neonates
Bullous impetigo
27
bullae/blister with sharp margins with no
| surrounding erythema
Bullous impetigo
28
yellow crust with oozing
Bullous impetigo
29
found in moist, intertriginous areas (diaper area)
Bullous impetigo
30
ingestion of pre-formed toxin
food intoxication
31
gastrointestinal illness caused by eating foods contaminated with toxins
Staphylococcal food poisoning
32
food intoxication rather than a food-borne infection
Staphylococcal food poisoning
33
acute symptoms that appear in 2 to 6 hours after ingestion of the toxin-contaminated food
Staphylococcal food poisoning
34
is often projectile, and diarrhea is less frequent
Emesis (vomiting)
35
Staphylococcal food poisoning recovery is rapid, usually within
24 hours.
36
associated with eating foods contaminated by handling and then left unrefrigerated for a few hours
Staphylococcal food poisoningv
37
even foods that contain salt as a food preservative are not exempt
high salt tolerance
38
toxins produced by the multiplying bacteria does not alter the food’s
taste or smell
39
Ritter's disease
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
40
seen in neonates
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
41
characterized by widespread erythema and the appearance of bullous lesions
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
42
exposure of large areas of d e n u d e d ( s t r i p p e d o f surface layers) and raw skin
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
43
occurs and symptoms wane
| over 5-7 days
desquamation
44
a flu-like illness characterized by fever,
hypotension, and rash on the skin that
resembles a sunburn
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
45
the rash is followed by desquamation 1 – 2 weeks after onset
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
46
involvement of multiple (three or more) organ systems with varying symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, renal failure, headache, chills, sore throat and
conjunctivitis
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
47
disease was noted most frequently
| in women, with onset mainly occurring during menstruation; high-absorbancy tampons during menses
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
48
was reported in males and females as complication of staphylococcal abscesses or systemic infections
non-menstrual-associated TSS
49
spreading from a local cutaneous infection to other sites
focal pattern
50
Miscellaneous Systemic Infections
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osteomyelitis
pneumonia
bacteremia
endocarditis
arthritis
meningitis
```
51
polysaccharides; electron microscopy
Microcapsule
52
mediates attachment to host cells or tissues, and inhibits phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Microcapsule
53
specific antibodies
Microcapsule
54
a bacterial surface protein
Protein A
55
binds to the Fc portion of IgG, leaving the IgG no longer capable of binding to
Fc receptor on phagocytes (preventing
opsonization)
Protein A
56
blocks complement fixation
Protein A
57
nactivates toxic hydrogen peroxide and free radicals formed by the
myloperoxidase system
Catalase
58
promotes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin causing plasma to clot
Coagulase
59
Fibrin coat the bacterial cells, hiding their antigenic surface, thus protecting
them from
phagocytosis and immune response.
60
hydrolyze DNA
. Deoxyribonuclease (DNase)
61
facilitates the spread of bacteria by liquefying and decreasing the viscosity of abscess materials
. Deoxyribonuclease (DNase)
62
“spreading factor”
Hyaluronidase
63
hydrolyzes the intercellular matrix of acid mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid) in tissue
Hyaluronidase
64
spreads the organism to adjacent areas in tissues
Hyaluronidase
65
hydrolyzes lipids and help the spread of the organism in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues
Lipase
66
a plasminogen activator
Staphylokinase
67
dissolves fibrin clot (a fibrinolysin)
Staphylokinase
68
Localized fibtinolysis might aid in the spread of infection to contiguous tissues
Staphylokinase
69
affects tissues of the host making them more susceptible to damage and destruction by complement components and products
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C
70
affects tissues of the host making them more susceptible to damage and destruction by complement components and products
β-lactamase
71
is under plasmid-control transmitted by transduction and conjugation a
β-lactamase
72
provides resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, penicillin derivatives (penams), and cephalosporins.
β-lactamase
73
β-lactam antibiotics have a common element in their molecular structure: : a four-atom ring known as a β-lactam
hydrolysis
74
the β-lactamase breaks the β-lactam ring open, deactivating the molecule's
antibacterial properties
75
specific type of β-lactamase, showing specificity for penicillins
Penicillinase
76
The hemolysins lyse red blood cells
Blood Cell Toxins (Hemolysins and Leukocidins)
77
damage cell membranes of neutrophils and macrophages, causing them to lyse
Leukocidins
78
help incapacitate the host’s phagocytic line of defense
Blood Cell Toxins (Hemolysins and Leukocidins)
79
Note that the Greek letter used for the staphylococcal hemolysins do not correspond to the Greek letters describing general patterns of hemolysis in
blood agar medium
80
is heterogeneous protein that facilitates formation of pores on the target eukaryotic cell membrane
⍺ (alpha)-Hemolysin
81
osmotic swelling and rupture of the cell.
⍺ (alpha)-Hemolysin
82
potent toxin lyses red blood cells of various mammals and damages monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, skeletal muscle, heart, and renal tissue as well
⍺ (alpha)-Hemolysin
83
active against thrombocytes (platelets); may contribute to septic thrombotic events during S. aureus bacteremia
⍺ (alpha)-Hemolysin
84
sphingomyelinase that degrades
| sphingomyelin in the cell membrane
(beta)-Hemolysin
85
protein exotoxin - “hot-cold” hemolysin
(beta)-Hemolysin
86
hemolytic properties - red blood cells to low temperatures
(beta)-Hemolysin
87
is known to encode the toxin
lysogenic bacteriophage
88
cytotoxic not only to human erythrocytes but as well as to monocytes
(beta)-Hemolysin
89
result from disruption of host cell
| plasma membrane fluidity
Cell death
90
inactive against granulocytes, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
(beta)-Hemolysin
91
surfactant or a detergent-like molecule; slow leakage of cellular
contents
δ (delta)-Hemolysin
92
S. aureus diarrheal diseases
δ (delta)-Hemolysin
93
Leukocidin that lyses white blood cells
γ (gamma)-Hemolysin
94
S and F proteins
γ (gamma)-Hemolysin
95
lysing white blood cells = pore formation in the cellular membranes (increase cation permeability)
γ (gamma)-Hemolysin
96
Affected cells undergo degranulation of the cytoplasm, cell swelling, and lysis
γ (gamma)-Hemolysin
97
leads to massive release of inflammatory mediators = necrosis and severe inflammation
γ (gamma)-Hemolysin
98
produced by lysogenized strains of S. aureus.
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)
99
this pore-forming toxin is active against neutrophils and causes tissue necrosis
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)
100
consists of two components designated as S and F on the wbc as described for γ toxin.
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)
101
superantigen
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)
102
manifestations of toxic shock syndrome
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)
103
gene s found in about 20% of S. aureus isolates
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)
104
protein toxins that stimulate T cells non-specifically without normal antigenic recognition
Superantigens
105
polyclonal T-cell activation
Superantigens
106
released in large amounts, leading to an overwhelming inflammatory response
Cytokines
107
epidermolytic toxins that facilitate dissolution of the mucopolysaccharide matrix of the stratum granulosum in the epidermis
. Exfoliative toxins (or exfoliatins)
108
intraepithelial splitting of cellular linkages seen in SSSS
. Exfoliative toxins (or exfoliatins)
109
two distinct proteins of the same molecular weight:
Exfoliative toxin A (ET-A)
| Exfoliative toxin B (ET-B)
110
produced by lysogenized strains of S. aureus
Exfoliative toxin A (ET-A)
111
plasmid-mediated
Exfoliative toxin B (ET-B)
112
intestines
“entero”
113
heat-stable exotoxins which are responsible for the clinical features of staphylococcal food poisoning
Enterotoxins A through E, G-J, K-R and U, V
114
Heating the food may not prevent the disease because inactivation
of staphylococcal enterotoxin requires 100oC for at least
100oC for at least 30 minutes
115
temperature for destroying staphylococci in clothes and bedding
controlling reinfection; eliminating the carrier state
116
increases the bactericidal activity of the skin
chlorhexidine or hexachlorophene soaps
117
• anterior nasal carriage can be reduced
o combination of nasal creams
o oral therapy w antimicrobials
mupirocin, neomycin, and bacitracin
| rifampin or ciprofloxacin
118
o hip and cardiac valve replacements
• Chemoprophylaxis
119
o may reduce the chance for intraoperative infection
| o Minimizing risk of superinfection (with longer periods of antibiotic administration)
• Methicillin (cephalosporin) or vancomycin
120
most commonly encountered staphylococcal species
Staphylococcus epidermidis
121
99% of the normal flora of the skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis
122
opportunistic pathogens, but are substantially less virulent than S. aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
123
nosocomial infections related to use of contaminated medical devices
Staphylococcus epidermidis
124
associated with prosthetic heart valves; also pacemaker wires, implanted defibrillators, and vascular grafts
Endocarditis
125
associated with prosthetic joint, or hip implant
Arthritis
126
associated with indwelling urinary catheters
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
127
associated with IV catheters
Bacteremia
128
Pathogenesis is related to production of [?] resulting in biofilm formation
on the surface of a prosthetic device
adherent slime
129
Primarily a saprophyte
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
130
Gastrointestinal tract (primarily the rectum) as the primary site of colonization in humans
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
131
part of the normal flora of female genitourinary tract (urethra, cervix), perineum
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
132
Second most common cause of community-acquired UTI in young, sexually active females (most common is Escherichia coli)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
133
Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus saprophyticus is related to production of [?] and [?]
adherent slime and urease
134
an enzyme that hydrolyzes urea in urine
| resulting in the formation of ammonia and ammonium carbonate - making the urine alkaline and favoring bacterial growth
urease
135
found free-living in the environment including air, soil, various extreme
environments and food
Micrococcus species
136
Micrococcus species are considered part of the normal microbiota of the
skin, mucosa, and oropharynx
137
mode of transmission is still uncertain, and they are rarely implicated in human infections
Micrococcus species
138
When infections occur, particularly in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as HIV patients, they likely involve
endogenous strains (those that are part of the host’s normal flora).
139
are not generally identified to species level in clinical laboratories because they are rarely clinically significant.
Micrococci
140
Micrococci typically appear as gram-positive cocci in [?], rather than in clusters and usually larger than staphylococci
tetrads
141
Some micrococci are pigmented bacteria;
produces yellow colonies
produces reddish colonies
M. luteus
M. roseus
142
The yellow colonies of [?] may
| be mistaken for the pigmented colonies of S. aureus.
M. luteus
