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[8] BACTERIAL SPECIES > Neisseriaceae and Moraxella catarrhalis > Flashcards

Neisseriaceae and Moraxella catarrhalis Flashcards

1
Q

A sexually transmitted infection (STI) in both men and women

A

Gonorrhea

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2
Q

invasion of the mucous membranes of the genital tract, rectum and the throat causing inflammation

A

Gonorrhea

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3
Q

Genital gonorrhea In males:

- Primary site of infection is the

A

urethra

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4
Q

Genital gonorrhea In males:

Incubation period ranges from [?] days or longer, with an average of 2 to 7 days.

A

1 to 14

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5
Q

Symptoms of [?] occur in 90-95% of infected males

A

urethritis

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6
Q

(burning sensation during urination)

A

dysuria

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7
Q

(yellow, creamy pus)

A

purulent urethral discharge

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8
Q

Genital gonorrhea In females:

- Primary site of infection is the

A

endocervix, with concomitant urethral infection

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9
Q

Genital gonorrhea In females:

Incubation period ranges from [?] days

A

8 to 10

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10
Q

Symptoms of [?] occur in 10-20% of infected females

A

endocervicitis

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11
Q

Symptoms of endocervicitis

A

‣ purulent cervicovaginal discharge
‣ dysuria
‣ menorrhagia (intermenstrual bleeding)
‣ dyspareunia (painful vaginal intercourse)

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12
Q

In untreated cases, ascending infection may occur and can result in [?] that is manifested as salpingitis (infection of the Fallopian tubes), endometritis, and tubo-ovarian abscess.

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

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13
Q

is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and Fitz–Hugh–Curtis syndrome

A

Salpingitis

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14
Q

an infection and inflammation of liver capsule and “violin string” adhesions of peritoneum to liver.

A

perihepatitis

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15
Q

When gonorrhea is present in a child after the newborn period and before puberty, this infection may be a sign of

A

sexual abuse.

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16
Q

In prepubertal girls, gonorrhea manifests as a [?] with a vaginal discharge, rather than a cervicitis.

A

vaginitis

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17
Q

The epithelium of the prepubertal vagina is composed of [?], which are the cell types that N. gonorrhoeae preferentially infects.

With the onset of puberty, these cells are replaced by a[?] that is not susceptible to gonococcal infection.

A

columnar epithelial cells

stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Seen in MSM (men having sex with men)

A

Oropharyngeal gonococcal infection

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19
Q

women who acquire the infection by engaging in orogenital sexual contact with an infected partner

A

Oropharyngeal gonococcal infection

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20
Q

Over 90% are asymptomatic

A

Oropharyngeal gonococcal infection

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21
Q

Patients with oropharyngeal gonococcal infection often have gonococcal infection at

A

genital and/or rectal sites

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22
Q

Seen primarily in MSM who practice unprotected [?] anal intercourse; among MSM, gonococcal infection of the rectum may be the only infected anatomic site.

A

receptive

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23
Q

Women may also acquire rectal infections by [?] anal intercourse, but most rectal infections in women are due to [?] contamination with infected cervicovaginal secretions.

A

receptive

perianal

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24
Q

Are often asymptomatic, but some individuals may experience symptoms ranging from [?] to with anorectal pain and itching, a mucopurulent discharge, bleeding, tenesmus, and constipation 5 to 7 days following infection.

A

mild pruritis

acute proctitis

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25
Q

Painful, purulent conjunctivitis

A

Ocular gonococcal infection

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26
Q

Occurs in adults who become infected by self-inoculation of the eyes from genital secretions

A

Ocular gonococcal infection

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27
Q

An infection of the eye in newborns

A

Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum

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28
Q

Acquired during passage through the birth canal of an infected mother

A

Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum

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29
Q

Initial purulent conjunctivitis occurs 2-5 days after birth, rapidly progresses and, if untreated, results in blindness

A

Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum

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30
Q

Results from the spread of gonococci into the bloodstream

A

Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)

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31
Q

Characterized by low-grade fever, painful, hemorrhagic skin lesions (initially appear as papules that evolve into
necrotic pustules) on the hands, forearms, feet, and legs; tenosynovitis and suppurative arthritis, usually of the knees, ankles, and wrists.

A

Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)

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32
Q

Complications include permanent joint damage, endocarditis, and rarely, meningitis.

A

Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)

33
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Enhance attachment of gonococci to host cells and resistance to phagocytosis

34
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Undergo antigenic variation; a single strain can make many antigenically distinct forms

35
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Associated with porins; Undergo antigenic variation

A

Protein I (Por proteins)

36
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Prevents intracellular killing of gonococci within neutrophils by preventing phagosome–lysosome fusion

A

Protein I (Por proteins)

37
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Responsible for variable resistance of gonococci to killing by normal human serum

A

Protein I (Por proteins)

38
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A portion is in the gonococcal outer membrane, and the rest is exposed on the cell surface

A

Protein II (Opa proteins)

39
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

adhesion of gonococci within colonies and attachment of gonococci to host cell receptors

A

Protein II (Opa proteins)

40
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Undergo antigenic variation

A 
Pili
Protein I (Por proteins) 
Protein II (Opa proteins)
Endotoxin
41
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Structurally associates with Por in the outer membrane

A

Protein III (Reduction-modifiable Protein or Rmp)

42
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

antigenically conserved in all gonococci

does not display antigenic variability

A

Protein III (Reduction-modifiable Protein or Rmp)

43
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Diminishes the bactericidal effects of normal human serum

A

Protein III (Reduction-modifiable Protein or Rmp)

44
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)  
 does not have an O polysaccharide side chain
A

lipooligosaccharide or LOS

45
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Associated with toxicity in gonococcal infections; causes ciliary loss and
mucosal cell death

46
Q

Allows attachment to host mucosal surfaces by splitting and inactivating IgA1

A

IgA1 protease

47
Q

a major mucosal immunoglobulin of humans

48
Q

Plasmid-mediated production responsible for penicillin resistance (PPNG = penicillin-producing N. gonorrhoeae)

A

β-lactamase

49
Q

• Results from the entry of meningococci from the nasopharynx into the blood stream probably by way of the cervical lymph node

A

Meningococcemia

50
Q

Abrupt onset with fever, chills, malaise,

prostration, and petechiae

A

Meningococcemia

51
Q

occurs in about 10% of patients with

meningococcemia

A

Purpura fulminans

52
Q

characterized by:

  • ecchymoses (larger form of petechiae)
  • disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
  • shock
  • coma
  • Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome - acute hemorrhage into the adrenal glands, resulting in death in 6-8 hours
A

Purpura fulminans

53
Q

Usually associated with epidemic meningitis; and the second most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults

A

Meningococcal meningitis

54
Q

May occur simultaneously with meningococcemia

A

Meningococcal meningitis

55
Q

Symptoms usually begin with sudden onset of fever, with an intense headache, stiff neck, convulsion, vomiting and progresses to coma within a few hours

A

Meningococcal meningitis

56
Q

• The primary virulence factor of meningococci associated with blood stream invasion

57
Q

Capsule consists of polysaccharide, which classifies meningococci into 13 serogroups :

A

A, B, C, D, H, I, K, L, W135, X, Y, Z, and 29E

58
Q

The most important serogroups associated with disease in humans are

A

A, B, C, X, Y, and W-135

59
Q

• Enables meningococci to resist the bactericidal activity of the complement and prevents destruction of the organism by phagocytes.

60
Q

Protrudes through the organism’s capsule.

61
Q

Mediates initial attachment to surface proteins on non-ciliated cells in the nasopharyngeal epithelium of the host

62
Q

aggregates the meningococcal cells into microcolonies allowing attachment to epithelial microvilli and entry in to the bloodstream

63
Q

Endotoxin specifically referred as

A

meningococcal lipooligosaccharide (LOS).

64
Q

Responsible for many of the toxic effects found in meningococcal disease.

65
Q

Neutralizes the protective action of the mucosal immunoglobulin

A

IgA1 Protease

66
Q

which in each dose consists of four purified bacterial capsular polysaccharides is said to be poorly immunogenic in children younger than age 18 months

A

Polysaccharide tetravalent vaccine

67
Q

contains capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid, and is licensed for use in persons 9 months to 55 years of age

A

Tetravalent conjugate vaccine

68
Q

With the availability of effective vaccines for meningococcal serogroups [?]. N. meningitidis has become the major cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide

A

A, C, Y, and W135, serogroup B

69
Q

Polysaccharide vaccines do NOT contain [?] because they are poorly immunogenic in both children and adults. It is attributed to resemblance of group B capsular material, comprised of a linear polymer of [?] to the polysialated form of the neural cell adhesion molecules found in fetal brain tissue.

A

group B polysaccharides

⍶2-8 N acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid)

70
Q

Current efforts to develop group B vaccine have centered around the [?]. It is fairly new and not yet recommended as a routine vaccination for healthy people. CDC recommends routine serogroup B meningococcal vaccination for people 10 years or older at increased risk for
meningococcal disease.

A

OMP (outer membrane proteins)

71
Q

is administered to individuals who had close contacts with primary case of meningitis or meningococcemia, ideally, within less than 24 hours after identification of the index case

A

Chemoprophylactic antimicrobial therapy

72
Q

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

• avoiding multiple sexual partners
• rapid eradication gonococci from infected individuals
o instillation of silver nitrate solution to the conjunctiva of newborns

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

73
Q 
o	early diagnosis and treatment
o	case finding
o	education and screening of populations at high risk
o	use of mechanical prophylaxis
	condoms
o	chemoprophylaxis
	antibiotic resistance
A

• avoiding multiple sexual partners

74
Q

o instillation of silver nitrate solution to the conjunctiva of newborns

A

Crede’s Method

75
Q

Crede’s Method is replaced by

A

0.5% erythromycin or 1% tetracycline ointment at the site of infection

76
Q

HABITAT
• NOT considered normal flora
• mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract, rectum, throat, and the eye at time of infection
• polymorphonuclear cells

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

77
Q

• human nasopharynx
o pharyngitis – 10% of healthy individuals
o carrier state may last for a few days to months

A

Neisseria meningitidis

78
Q

• direct contact through inhalation of respiratory secretions or droplets

A

Neisseria meningitidis

79
Q

• direct contact (sexually or perinatally)

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

[8] BACTERIAL SPECIES (5 decks)

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