Standard 8: Research & Publication Flashcards
8.10 Reporting Research Results (a-b)
- 10 Reporting Research Results
(a) Psychologists do not fabricate data.
(b) If psychologists discover significant errors in their published data, they take reasonable steps to correct such errors in a correction, retraction, erratum, or other appropriate publication means.
8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data
8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data
Psychologists do not publish, as original data, data that have been previously published. This does not preclude republishing data when they are accompanied by proper acknowledgment.
Describe the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
In this 30-year study, 399 African American rural men were left untreated for diagnosed syphilis even after effective antibiotics became available (Jones, 1993).
In 1932, the US Public Health Service, working with the Tuskegee Institute, began a study to record the natural history of syphilis.
The study initially involved 600 Black men – 399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease. Participants’ informed consent was not collected. Researchers told the men they were being treated for “bad blood,” a local term used to describe several ailments, including syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. In exchange for taking part in the study, the men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance.
By 1943, penicillin was the treatment of choice for syphilis and becoming widely available, but the participants in the study were not offered treatment. In 1972, a story about the study was published. The advisory panel concluded that the study was ethically unjustified because the results were disproportionately meager compared w/ known risks to humans subjects involved (A: beneficence vs maleficence)
8.01 Institutional Approval
What are the 4 basic requirements?
When institutional approval is required, psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting the research. They conduct the research in accordance with the approved research protocol.
4 basic requirements:
- Psychologist must know whether and from whom institutional approval is required
- Applications for the IRB must be accurate
- Approval must be obtained before the research is conducted
- Research procedures must follow the approved protocol
8.02 Informed Consent to Research
State (a) - 8 and (b) - 5
- 02 Informed Consent to Research
(a) When obtaining informed consent as required in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, psychologists inform participants about
(1) the purpose of the research, expected duration, and procedures;
(2) their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun;
(3) the foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing;
(4) reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects;
(5) any prospective research benefits;
(6) limits of confidentiality;
(7) incentives for participation; and
(8) whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants’ rights. They provide opportunity for the prospective participants to ask questions and receive answers.
(b) Psychologists conducting intervention research involving the use of experimental treatments clarify to participants at the outset of the research
(1) the experimental nature of the treatment;
(2) the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate;
(3) the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made;
(4) available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wishes to withdraw once a study has begun; and
(5) compensation for or monetary costs of participating including, if appropriate, whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party payor will be sought.
8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research
State the two exceptions
8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research
Psychologists obtain informed consent from research participants prior to recording their voices or images for data collection unless
(1) the research consists solely of naturalistic observations in public places, and it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identification or harm, or
(2) the research design includes deception, and consent for the use of the recording is obtained during debriefing.
8.04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants
(a and b)
- 04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants
(a) When psychologists conduct research with clients/patients, students, or subordinates as participants, psychologists take steps to protect the prospective participants from adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing from participation.
(b) When research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities.
8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research
state 1 and 2; under 1 state the 3 study contexts
8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research
Psychologists may dispense with informed consent only
(1) where research would not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm and involves
(a) the study of normal educational practices, curricula, or classroom management methods conducted in educational settings;
(b) only anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observations, or archival research for which disclosure of responses would not place participants at risk of criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability, or reputation, and confidentiality is protected; or
(c) the study of factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in organizational settings for which there is no risk to participants’ employability, and confidentiality is protected or
(2) where otherwise permitted by law or federal or institutional regulations.
8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation
a and b
- 06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation
(a) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to avoid offering excessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements for research participation when such inducements are likely to coerce participation.
(b) When offering professional services as an inducement for research participation, psychologists clarify the nature of the services, as well as the risks, obligations, and limitations.
8.07 Deception in Research (a-c)
- 07 Deception in Research
(a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless
(1) they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study’s significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and
(2) that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible.
(b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress.
(c) Psychologists explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to participants as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data.
8.08 Debriefing (a-c)
- 08 Debriefing
(a) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware.
(b) If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm.
(c) When psychologists become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, they take reasonable steps to minimize the harm.
8.09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research (a-g)
- 09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research
(a) Psychologists acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and with professional standards.
(b) Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment.
(c) Psychologists ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using animals have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role. (See also Standard 2.05, Delegation of Work to Others .)
(d) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects.
(e) Psychologists use a procedure subjecting animals to pain, stress, or privation only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific, educational, or applied value.
(f) Psychologists perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery.
(g) When it is appropriate that an animal’s life be terminated, psychologists proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain and in accordance with accepted procedures.
8.11 Plagiarism
8.11 Plagiarism
Psychologists do not present portions of another’s work or data as their own, even if the other work or data source is cited occasionally.
A common misconception is that plagiarism is limited to word-for-word replication or paraphrasing of another’s written work without appropriate citation. Whereas this form of plagiarism is clearly prohibited, violation of this standard also occurs when a psychologist knowingly presents throughout a publication or formal report another’s ideas as his or her own, citing the work from which it was drawn in a manner intended to obscure the original author’s contribution.
8.12 Publication Credit
a-c
- 12 Publication Credit
(a) Psychologists take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed. (See also Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit .)
(b) Principal authorship and other publication credits accurately reflect the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their relative status. Mere possession of an institutional position, such as department chair, does not justify authorship credit. Minor contributions to the research or to the writing for publications are acknowledged appropriately, such as in footnotes or in an introductory statement.
(c) Except under exceptional circumstances, a student is listed as principal author on any multiple-authored article that is substantially based on the student’s doctoral dissertation. Faculty advisors discuss publication credit with students as early as feasible and throughout the research and publication process as appropriate. (See also Standard 8.12b, Publication Credit .)
8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification (a-b)
- 14 Sharing Research Data for Verification
(a) After research results are published, psychologists do not withhold the data on which their conclusions are based from other competent professionals who seek to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis and who intend to use such data only for that purpose, provided that the confidentiality of the participants can be protected and unless legal rights concerning proprietary data preclude their release. This does not preclude psychologists from requiring that such individuals or groups be responsible for costs associated with the provision of such information.
(b) Psychologists who request data from other psychologists to verify the substantive claims through reanalysis may use shared data only for the declared purpose. Requesting psychologists obtain prior written agreement for all other uses of the data.
8.15 Reviewers
8.15 Reviewers
Psychologists who review material submitted for presentation, publication, grant, or research proposal review respect the confidentiality of and the proprietary rights in such information of those who submitted it.
Research psychologists have an obligation to establish relationships of trust and are aware of their responsibilities to other investigators and the scientific community (Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility). Psychologists are prohibited from using privileged and proprietary information obtained through confidential review of research materials, including the review of grant applications and papers submitted for publication or presentation at professional meetings.
Although the Nuremberg Code was established in […], in the US regulations for protecting human rights in research did not emerge until the […], following the public disclosure of the […] Study
Although the Nuremberg Code was established in 1949, in the US regulations for protecting human rights in research did not emerge until the late 1970s, following the public disclosure of the government-sponsored Tuskegee Syphilis Study
An Ethics Advisory Board was formed in the late-1970s to review ethical issues of biomedical research. As a result of their work, the 1979 publication commonly known as […] summarized the three ethical principles that should guide human research:[…]
An Ethics Advisory Board was formed in the late-1970s to review ethical issues of biomedical research. As a result of their work, the 1979 publication commonly known as The Belmont Report summarized the three ethical principles that should guide human research: respect for persons; beneficence; justice.
If working with a vulnerable population, can apply to […] to obtain a […] which protects investigators from being forced or compelled by law to disclose personally identifiable research information that could place participants in significant jeopardy.
If working with a vulnerable population, can apply to Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality (CoC) which protects investigators from being forced or compelled by law to disclose personally identifiable research information that could place participants in significant jeopardy.
If working with a vulnerable population, can apply to Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality (CoC) which […]
If working with a vulnerable population, can apply to Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to obtain a Certificate of Confidentiality (CoC) which protects investigators from being forced or compelled by law to disclose personally identifiable research information that could place participants in significant jeopardy.
Investigators conducting deception research that meets the requirements of Standard 8.07, Deception in Research, can receive approval from their IRB to waive the requirement to obtain consent for recording prior to data collection, but they must seek permission to use recordings for data analysis from participants during […]. Recordings must be […] if the participant declines permission.
Investigators conducting deception research that meets the requirements of Standard 8.07, Deception in Research, can receive approval from their IRB to waive the requirement to obtain consent for recording prior to data collection, but they must seek permission to use recordings for data analysis from participants during debriefing. Recordings must be destroyed if the participant declines permission.
Investigators may record the voices and images of persons without their consent if (3)
(a) observations occur in a public setting in which one would have no reasonable expectation of privacy, for example, a public park, a hotel lobby, or a street corner;
(b) procedures do not disturb or manipulate the natural surroundings; and
(c) protections are in place to guard against personal identification and harm, especially when the behaviors observed (e.g., vandalism) place participants at legal or social risk.
Investigators planning observational studies on the Internet should consider either obtaining informed consent or developing effective protections against participant identification and harm when (4)
(a) quotes will be used verbatim;
(b) group membership requires registration, user names, or passwords;
(c) the observed group is small and unique with high probability of identification (e.g., a chat room for individuals with a rare genetic disorder); or
(d) the level of intimate details provided precludes anonymity
Permission to dispense with informed consent for research in educational settings does not apply to studies designed to {{c1::describe or test hypotheses regarding the relationship between student personality traits or mental health disorders and school performance.}}
The assessment of such personal characteristics is not a part of normal educational practice and could constitute an invasion of privacy.
In addition, some investigator-initiated school-based programs, such as drug prevention programs, may or may not be considered a normal educational practice or part of the school curricula across different school districts.
