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MBOC > Stamcellen > Flashcards

Stamcellen Flashcards

1
Q

What type of stem cells can form all cell types of the body, except placenta?

A) Totipotent
B) Multipotent
C) Pluripotent
D) Unipotent

A

C

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2
Q

In the context of the intestinal epithelium, which cell type is responsible for mucus secretion?

A) Enterocytes
B) Goblet cells
C) Paneth cells
D) Enteroendocrine cells

A

B

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3
Q

What is the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in the maintenance of intestinal stem cells?

A) Inhibition of stem cell division
B) Activation of stem cell fate
C) Induction of apoptosis
D) Suppression of Paneth cell activity

A

B

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4
Q

True / False: Neoblasts in planaria are totipotent stem cells capable of replacing all body cells.

A

True

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5
Q

True / False:
The Wnt signaling pathway is not essential for the development and stem cell identity of the intestinal epithelium.

A

False

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6
Q

Explain the difference between totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, and unipotent stem cells.

A

Totipotent: Zygote and early embryonic precursor cells
Pluripotent: Embryonic stem cells
Multipotent: Adult tissue-specific stem cells
Unipotent: Adult stem cells/Lineage-specific progenitors

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7
Q

Describe the role of the Delta-Notch signaling pathway in the development of complex tissues from a single cell.

A

Delta-Notch signaling ensures that neighboring cells adopt different fates through lateral inhibition.

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8
Q

Transit amplifying cells limit the number of divisions of ____________ to prevent the accumulation of DNA damage.

A

stem cells

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9
Q

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are generated by the expression of four specific ____________ factors.

A

Transcription

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10
Q

Match the following cell types with their functions:

A) Enterocytes
B) Goblet cells
C) Paneth cells
D) Enteroendocrine cells
Functions:

1 - Absorption
2 - Mucus secretion
3 - Wnt secretion, immune function
4 - Serotonin and peptide hormone secretion

A

A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

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11
Q

What is the role of the Retromer coat protein in cellular processes?

A) Exocytosis
B) Endocytosis
C) Vesicle formation
D) Vesicle retrieval

A

D

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12
Q

Which type of stem cells are present in the skin’s basal layer and undergo asymmetrical cell division?

A) Totipotent
B) Pluripotent
C) Multipotent
D) Unipotent

A

C

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13
Q

True/False:
The Wnt signaling pathway is specific to the intestinal epithelium and does not play a role in other tissues.

A

False

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14
Q

True / False:
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) can only be generated using transcription factors.

A

False

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15
Q

Explain the significance of asymmetrical cell division in the context of stem cells.

A

Asymmetrical cell division ensures the generation of both differentiated cells and new stem cells during division, contributing to tissue regeneration.

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16
Q

How does the Retromer coat protein contribute to cellular trafficking?

A

The Retromer coat protein facilitates the retrieval of molecules from endosomes, directing them back to the Golgi apparatus or the cell surface.

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17
Q

Transit amplifying cells help prevent the accumulation of DNA damage in stem cell populations by limiting the number of ____________.

A

Divisions

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18
Q

The Retromer coat protein is involved in the ____________ of vesicles.

A

Retrieval

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19
Q

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

A) Transit amplifying cells
B) Retromer
C) Lgr5
D) Neoblasts
Descriptions:

  1. Pluripotent stem cells in planaria
  2. Protein complex involved in vesicle retrieval
  3. Cells that limit the number of stem cell divisions
  4. Wnt target and stem cell marker in the intestinal epithelium
A

A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1

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20
Q

What is the primary function of COPII coat proteins?

A) Vesicle retrieval
B) Endocytosis
C) Golgi-to-ER transport
D) Exocytosis

A

C

21
Q

Which stem cell type is capable of forming all cell types in the body, including extraembryonic tissues?

A) Totipotent
B) Pluripotent
C) Multipotent
D) Unipotent

A

A

22
Q

True/False: The process of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation involves the activation of specific resistance genes.

A

False

23
Q

True / False
COPI coat proteins are primarily involved in vesicle formation during exocytosis.

A

False

24
Q

Describe the role of COPI coat proteins in intracellular trafficking.

A

COPI coat proteins play a role in retrograde vesicle transport from the Golgi to the ER.

25
Q

How does the Delta-Notch signaling pathway contribute to cell fate determination in the intestinal epithelium?

A

The Delta-Notch signaling pathway contributes to cell fate determination by influencing lateral inhibition in neighboring cells.

26
Q

The ____________ signaling pathway is crucial for the development and stem cell identity of the intestinal epithelium.

A

Wnt

27
Q

COPII coat proteins facilitate the transport of vesicles from the ____________ to the ____________.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

28
Q

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

A) COPI
B) Delta-Notch signaling
C) Totipotent
D) COPII
Descriptions:

  1. Coat proteins involved in Golgi-to-ER transport
  2. Signaling pathway influencing lateral inhibition
  3. Stem cell type capable of forming all embryonic and extraembryonic tissues
  4. Coat proteins involved in retrograde vesicle transport from the Golgi to the ER
A

A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

29
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into various cell types.

30
Q

Totipotent

A

Stem cells with the ability to differentiate into all cell types, including extraembryonic tissues.

31
Q

Pluripotent

A

Stem cells capable of differentiating into cells of all three germ layers.

32
Q

Multipotent

A

Stem cells with the ability to differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a particular lineage.

33
Q

Unipotent

A

Stem cells committed to differentiating into a single cell type.

34
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A

Cells in the blastocyst from which embryonic stem cells originate; gives rise to all cell types except the placenta.

35
Q

Transit Amplifying Cells

A

Cells that proliferate for a limited number of divisions before differentiating.

Transit amplifying cells are intermediate cells that arise from stem cells and undergo a limited number of divisions before differentiating into mature, specialized cells. These cells play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration by amplifying the population of cells needed for normal tissue function.

Key characteristics;
- Limited proliferation
- Differentiation potential
- Regulation by micro-environment
- Tissue-specific function

36
Q

Wnt Signaling Pathway

A

A crucial pathway for intestinal development and stem cell identity.

The Wnt signaling pathway plays a crucial role in intestinal development and stem cell identity. Wnt signaling is essential for maintaining the stem cell pool in the intestinal crypts. Mutations, such as in APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), can lead to adenomas and polyps in the colon. The pathway involves the activation of Lgr5, a Wnt target and stem cell marker. In the absence of Wnt, β-catenin is phosphorylated and degraded, inhibiting LEF1/TCF transcription of Wnt target genes. In the presence of Wnt, this repression is lifted, allowing for the maintenance of intestinal stem cells. This pathway’s intricate regulation is fundamental for the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells in the intestinal epithelium, ensuring tissue homeostasis.

37
Q

Lgr5

A

A Wnt target and stem cell marker in the intestine.

Lgr5 is a cell surface receptor that plays a crucial role in stem cell biology, particularly in the context of the intestinal epithelium. Lgr5 is identified as a Wnt target and stem cell marker in the intestinal crypts. It is expressed in actively dividing stem cells and is associated with the ability to generate all the cell types found in the intestinal epithelium.

Lgr5-positive cells are considered stem cells with high regenerative potential. Clonal analysis and lineage tracing techniques, as mentioned in your notes, use the Lgr5 promoter to identify and track the fate of these stem cells. The ability of a single Lgr5+ stem cell to form organoids in tissue culture underscores its remarkable regenerative capacity. The expression of Lgr5 is tightly regulated by Wnt signaling, emphasizing its significance in maintaining the stem cell population and promoting tissue homeostasis in the intestine.

38
Q

Crypt Base Columnar Cells (CBCs)

A

Stem cells in the intestinal crypts. These cells are crucial for the continuous renewal and maintenance of the intestinal epithelium.

CBCs express specific markers, including Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), which makes them identifiable for studies using lineage tracing techniques. They are responsible for generating the various cell types present in the intestinal epithelium, such as enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells.

The discovery of CBCs has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of intestinal stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. Their ability to undergo self-renewal and differentiate into specialized cell types is tightly regulated by signaling pathways like Wnt, contributing to the maintenance of a functional and healthy intestinal lining.

39
Q

Blastema

A

A mass of undifferentiated cells capable of proliferation and regeneration.

During regeneration, especially in organisms with high regenerative abilities like salamanders, when a body part is amputated or injured, a blastema forms at the site. The blastema consists of pluripotent or multipotent cells that undergo cell division and differentiation to generate the specific cell types needed to rebuild the lost or damaged structure.

The process of blastemal formation and subsequent differentiation is regulated by various signaling pathways, growth factors, and genetic factors. Understanding the mechanisms behind blastema formation is crucial for researchers studying regenerative biology and tissue engineering, as it offers insights into how some organisms can restore complex structures through cellular regeneration.

40
Q

Neoblasts

A

Undifferentiated totipotent or pluripotent stem cells in planarians responsible for regeneration.

These cells play a crucial role in the extraordinary regenerative capabilities of these organisms. Neoblasts are responsible for repairing and regenerating tissues after injury or amputation.

41
Q

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

A

Adult cells reprogrammed to have embryonic stem cell-like properties.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are cells that have been reprogrammed from differentiated cells, such as skin cells or blood cells, into a pluripotent state. This reprogramming process involves introducing a specific set of transcription factors into the cells, typically Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. The discovery of iPSCs, a breakthrough in stem cell research, was first reported by Shinya Yamanaka and his team in 2006.

iPSCs share similar characteristics with embryonic stem cells (ESCs), including the ability to differentiate into cells of various tissue types. This reprogramming allows for the generation of patient-specific pluripotent cells, bypassing the ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cells. iPSC technology has significant implications for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug development, as these cells can be directed to differentiate into specific cell types relevant to various diseases, providing a platform for studying and potentially treating a wide range of medical conditions.

42
Q

Delta-Notch Signaling

A

Signaling pathway involved in lateral inhibition during cell fate determination.

Delta-Notch signaling is a crucial cell communication pathway involved in various developmental processes, including tissue differentiation and the maintenance of stem cell populations. In your notes, it’s mentioned in the context of the darmepitheel (intestinal epithelium) and its role in cell fate determination.

The Delta-Notch pathway involves interactions between transmembrane receptors (Notch) and their ligands (Delta). Notch receptors on one cell bind to Delta ligands on an adjacent cell, initiating a signaling cascade. This interaction results in the cleavage and activation of the Notch receptor, releasing its intracellular domain. The activated Notch intracellular domain then translocates to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of target genes.

In the darmepitheel, Delta-Notch signaling contributes to lateral inhibition, a mechanism where adjacent cells adopt distinct fates. This process helps in the formation of different cell types, ensuring the proper function and organization of the intestinal epithelium. Delta-Notch signaling is an essential mechanism for the precise control of cell differentiation and tissue development.

43
Q

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

A

Stem cells capable of forming various blood cell types.

44
Q

Stem Cell Niche

A

Microenvironment supporting stem cell maintenance and function.

45
Q

Reproductive Cloning

A

Cloning involving the reprogramming of a fully differentiated cell to a totipotent state.

Reproductive cloning is a scientific technique that involves the creation of an organism that is genetically identical to another existing or previously existing individual. The process gained notable attention with the birth of “Dolly the sheep” in 1996, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

In reproductive cloning, the nucleus of a somatic cell (a cell that is not a sperm or egg cell) is extracted and inserted into an enucleated egg cell (an egg cell with its nucleus removed). This reconstructed egg, now containing the genetic material of the donor somatic cell, is stimulated to divide and develop into an organism.

While Dolly’s birth demonstrated the possibility of cloning mammals from adult cells, the technique is challenging and inefficient. Reproductive cloning raises ethical and practical concerns, including the well-being of cloned animals and the potential for misuse in humans. Research in this area continues, with a focus on improving the efficiency and ethical considerations associated with the process.

46
Q

What is the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in intestinal epithelium?

A

The Wnt signaling pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining stem cells in the intestinal epithelium. In this pathway, Wnt ligands bind to receptors, leading to the stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. This activates target genes that regulate cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. In the intestinal crypts, Lgr5+ stem cells are essential for continuous renewal. The Wnt pathway ensures their self-renewal and the production of transit amplifying cells, which further differentiate into various cell types. Dysregulation of Wnt signaling can disrupt this balance, leading to conditions such as colorectal cancer.

47
Q

Compare and contrast the characteristics of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells.

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) share pluripotent characteristics, but they differ in their origin. iPSCs are generated by reprogramming differentiated cells using specific transcription factors, while ESCs are derived from the inner cell mass of embryos. Both cell types can differentiate into various cell lineages, offering potential for regenerative medicine. However, ethical concerns surround the use of ESCs. iPSCs, being patient-specific, address these concerns but may pose challenges related to their complete functional equivalence and tumorigenic potential.

48
Q

Explain how the Delta-Notch signaling pathway contributes to cell fate determination in tissue development.

A

The Delta-Notch signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cell fate determination during tissue development. Notch receptors on one cell interact with Delta ligands on neighboring cells, leading to proteolytic cleavage and release of the Notch intracellular domain. This domain translocates to the nucleus, influencing gene expression. The pathway is involved in lateral inhibition, where adjacent cells adopt different fates. In the context of the intestinal epithelium, Delta-Notch signaling helps regulate the balance between stem cell maintenance and differentiation, ensuring the proper formation and function of different cell types.

MBOC (9 decks)

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