Stakeholder

Question 1

Project success factors

Answer 1

Delivering value
Managing relationships
Managing risks

Early involvement and continuous alignment of stakeholders

Question 2

Stakeholder definition

Answer 2

Person or institution who:

• can be impacted by project outcome
• can impact the project

Question 3

Basic attributes to map stakeholders (Salient model) and their descriptions.

Answer 3

Power: relationship among actors
-Actor A can get Actor B to do something that B wouldn’t do otherwise, despite resistance.

Legitimacy: socially constructed system of norms, values and beliefs

• Entity actions are desirable, proper or appropriate
• Not just rules, but also a generalized perception
• Without power, can’t cause impact

Urgency: time-sensitive nature of a relationship

• Call for immediate action/attention
• Criticality comes from claim or relationship importance
• Does nothing alone

“Power authority comes from legitimacy and gains exercise through urgency.”

They are all transitory, socially constructed (not objective), and consciousness and willful exercise may or may not be present.

Question 4

Stakeholders classes on the salient model

Answer 4

Latent: one attribute

• passive stance
• can become dangerous if acquire one more

Expectant: two attributes
-expect something

Definitive stakeholder: three attributes
-Highest priority

If possess no attribute:

• non-stakeholder
• potential stakeholder

Question 5

Stakeholders typologies on the salient model

Answer 5

Dormant (Power): competitors, don’t forget, most important attribute

Discretionary (Legitimacy): NGO, may help or bother the company

Demanding (Urgency): Lone complainers, if grouped, can gain power

Dominant (P+L): Strong institutions, “main stakeholders of the firm”

Dependent (L+U): Environmental disasters victims. Depend on other stakeholder to get attention

Dangerous (P+U): Wildcat strike, terrorism, coercive power

Definitive (P+L+U): Salient, highest priority

Non stakeholder

Question 6

What are network structures? What is its importance?

Answer 6

Track pattern of relationship, links between stakeholders and focal organization

Understand the communication flow

(bonus) snowball technique to build comprehensive networks

Question 7

Network density definition and consequences of high density

Answer 7

Ratio of the number of existing relationships with the total possible number

• Complete network, density 1
• Losing one link has huge impact

Higher density

• Requires good communication
• Facilitates coalition
• Higher power of stakeholders over FO

Question 8

Network centrality

Answer 8

Aggregated distance to all actors, individual measure

Question 9

Network configuration dimensions and firm strategies

Answer 9

Density and Centrality (high or low)

	        Centrality
	        High		Low Density High	Compromiser	Subordinate
      Low	Commander	Solitarian