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Genpath Lec > Staining > Flashcards

Staining Flashcards

1
Q

Alkaline structures: ___ are stained by ___ stains

A

cytoplasm stained by Acidic stains

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2
Q

cytoplasm is stained RED

A

Eosin

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3
Q

nucleus is stained BLUE

A

Hematoxylin

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4
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF STAINING

A
  • Histological Staining
  • Histochemical Staining (Histochemistry)
  • Immunohistochemical Staining
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5
Q

Microanatomic staining, Bacterial staining, and Specific staining of your tissues

A

Histological Staining

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6
Q

a type of staining that enhances or specify certain chemical terms such as; Iron, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Sodium Potassium etc..

A

Histochemical Staining (Histochemistry)

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7
Q

staining process that pertains to enzyme-labeled antibodies, antigens

A

Immunohistochemical Staining (Immunohistochemistry)

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8
Q

the process whereby the tissue constituents are
demonstrated in sections by direct interaction
with a dye or staining solution, producing
coloration of the active tissue component

A

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

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9
Q

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING examples (mbs)

A
  • Microanatomic stains
  • Bacterial stains
  • Specific tissue stains
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10
Q

the process whereby various constituents of
tissues are studied through chemical reactions
that will permit microscopic localization of a
specific tissue substance

A

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING (HISTOCHEMISTRY)

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11
Q

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING (HISTOCHEMISTRY)e examples (pp🪷 )

A
  • Perl’s Prussian Blue
  • Periodic Acid Schiff
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12
Q

histochemical staining for hemoglobin, demonstrates Ferric Iron (Fe3+) in tissues

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue

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13
Q

histochemical staining for carbohydrates

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

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14
Q

a combination of immunologic and histochemical
techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be
detected and demonstrated under the
microscope,

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING (IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY)

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15
Q

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY use a wide range of _____ labeled or ___ labeled antibodies (antigen)

A

monoclonal, fluorescent-labeled or enzyme
labeled antibodies (antigen)

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16
Q

It is the basis of histochemistry

A

Specific Staining

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17
Q

It is accomplished by controlled, specific
chemical reactions designed to give a
final color (staining) at the site/location
of the structure of the substances in the
cells or tissues

A

Specific Staining

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18
Q

Examples of specific staining

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue reaction
Periodic Acid Schiff technique

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19
Q

Specific stain for hemosiderin

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue reaction

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20
Q

Specific stain for Polysaccharides

A

Periodic Acid Schiff technique

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21
Q

the staining of tissue by means of
simple alcoholic/aqueous solution of the
dye

A

Simple Staining/Direct Staining

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22
Q

Example of Simple Staining/Direct Staining

A

Methylene blue and Eosin

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23
Q

the action of the dye is intensified by
some other agents

A

Indirect Staining

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24
Q

Examples of Indirect Staining

A

Mordant
Accentuator

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25
Q

substance which when taken up by the tissue,
helps make the in return serving as a link or
bridge to make the staining reaction possible

A

Mordant

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26
Q

Mordant combines with a dye forming a _____ which combines with tissue to form an insoluble _______

A

colored “lake”, “tissue-mordant-dve complex”

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27
Q

an integral of the staining reaction itself, without
which, no staining could possibly occur

A

Mordant

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28
Q

Examples of mordant (pa(h/p) iwh)

A
  • Potassium Alum with Hematoxylin in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
  • Iron in Weigert’s hematoxylin
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29
Q

chemical substances that does not participate
but merely increases or heightens the color
intensity, selectivity and crispness of the stain

A

Accentuator

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30
Q

Accentuator differ from mordant in what way

A

they do not bind or link the tissue to the dye

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31
Q

Examples of accentuator

A
  • Potassium hydroxide Loeffler’s Methylene blue
    (KOH) in Loeffler’s Methylene blue
  • Phenol in carbol thionine and carbolfuchsin
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32
Q

staining is continued in a definite
sequence until the desired intensity of
coloring of the different tissue elements
is attained

A

Progressive Staining

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33
Q

no ___ in between is required solely relies on the selective affinity of dyes for different cellular elements

A

NO washing/ differentiation/decolorization

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34
Q

the tissues are overtrained and the excess dye
is then removed until the desired intensity is
obtained

A

Regressive Staining

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35
Q

2 PRINCIPLES: regressive staining

A

a. Overstaining
b. Washing/ Differentiation/Decolorization

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36
Q

selective removal stain from tissue of excess

A

Washing/Decolorization/Differentiation

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37
Q

Examples of regressive staining

A

Acid Fast Staining and Gram Staining

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38
Q

is a slower staining process in which the tissue is left in the staining solution just long enough to reach the desired endpoint

A

Progressive staining

39
Q

is a more rapid staining process in which the
tissue is deliberately over stained and then de-stained

A

Regressive staining

40
Q

Deliberate over staining

A

Regressive Staining

41
Q

no deliberate over staining

A

Progressive Staining

42
Q

DIFFERENTIATION IN A DILUTE ACID ALCOHOL is required

A

Regressive Staining

43
Q

DIFFERENTIATION IN A DILUTE ACID
ALCOHOL is not required

A

Progressive Staining

44
Q

Less coloring of the cytoplasm

A

Progressive Staining

45
Q

Over stain the cytoplasm

A

Regressive Staining

46
Q

haematoxylins are generally less concentrated

A

Progressive Staining

47
Q

haematoxylins are more concentrated

A

Regressive Staining

48
Q

Stains used in progressive staining

A

Gill’s haematoxylin
Mayer’s haematoxylin

49
Q

Stains used in regressive staining

A

Harris haematoxylin
Ehrlich’s haematoxylin
Delafield’s haematoxylin

50
Q

Slowly and selectively stains

A

Progressive Staining

51
Q

Rapidly diffuses over the entire cell

A

Regressive Staining

52
Q

entails the use of the specific dyes that stains
tissue with a color that is different from that of
the stain color itself

A

Metachromatic Staining AKA: Metachromasia

53
Q

Metachromasia is particularly employed for staining of

A

Mast Cell granules
Epithelial mucins
Cartilage
Connective tissue
Amyloid

54
Q

Metachromatic dye used for mast cell granules

A

Basic dyes belonging to Thizine and Triphenylmethane groups

55
Q

Metachromatic dye for reticulocytes

A

Cresyl Blue

56
Q

the application of a different color of stain to
provide contrast and background to the staining
of the structural components to be demonstrated

A

Counterstaining

57
Q

Counterstain for cytoplasm

A

Eosin (acidic stain)

58
Q

Hematoxylin is a ___ stain

A

Basic stain

59
Q

the selective staining of living cell constituents,
demonstrating cytoplasmic structure by phagocytosis of the dye particle
(Cytoplasmic Phagocytosis)

A

Vital Staining

60
Q

____ of the living cell is resistant to vital stains and therefore is not demonstrated

A

nucleus

61
Q

demonstration of nuclear structures during vital staining suggests permeability of the membrane by the dye, signifying?

A

death of the cell

62
Q

Examples of vital stain

A

Trypan blue
Janus Green B

63
Q

vital stain of RES (Reticuloendothelial System)

A

Trypan blue

64
Q

true vital staining of mitochondria

A

Janus Green B

65
Q

done by injecting the dye into any part of the
animal body producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticuloendothelial system

A

Intravital Staining

66
Q

Commonly used intravital staining dye

A

Lithium
India Ink
Carmine

67
Q

used to stain cells immediately after removal
from the living body

A

Supravital Staining

68
Q

Example of supravital staining dye

A

Neutral Red

69
Q

probably the best vital dye

A

Neutral Red

70
Q

makes use of heavy metals which are
precipitated with selectivity of certain cellular
and tissue components

A

Metallic Impregnation

71
Q

has its greatest application in tissue from the
CNS and for the demonstration of reticulin

A

Metallic Impregnation

72
Q

Metallic Impregnation differs from staining because it consists of an

A

opaque black particulate precipitate

73
Q

Examples of agent used for Metallic impregnation

A

Silver nitrate
Osmium tetroxide

74
Q

most commonly used agent for impregnation

A

Silver nitrate

75
Q

used for demonstration of lipids.

A

Osmium tetroxide

76
Q

are those obtained from plants and
animals, previously utilized for dyeing of
wool and cotton

A

Natural dyes

77
Q

the most important and the most commonly used
for routine histologic studies

A

Hematoxylin

78
Q

a vegetable dye extracted from lichens which are normally colorless, but when treated with ammonia and exposed to air, produce blue or violet colors.

A

Orcein

79
Q

Orcein are normally colorless, but when treated with ammonia and exposed to air, produce ______

A

blue or violet colors.

80
Q

Mainly used for staining ELASTIC FIBERS

A

Orcein

81
Q

an old histologic dye extracted from the female
cochineal bug (coccus cacti)

A

Cochineal

82
Q

plant with stigmas yielding a dye orange

A

Saffron

83
Q

a plant with orange stigmas yielding a dye

A

Saffron

84
Q

sometimes known as coal tar dyes since they
were originally manufactured from substances
that have been taken from coal tar

A

Synthetic dyes

85
Q

Synthetic dyes are derived from the _____ and are collectively known as ____

A

hydrocarbon benzene, aniline dyes

86
Q

A dye should consist of 2 substances

A

-Chromophores
-Auxochromes

87
Q

• Greek “color-bearers”
• Substances capable of producing visible
colors

A

Chromophores

88
Q

Substances which impart to the compound property of electrolytic dissociation, thereby altering the shade of the dye, giving it the property of forming salts with another compound and ultimately retaining its color

A

Auxochromes

89
Q

The introduction of a _____ into an ____ molecule will cause it to be colored, it will then be a chromogen, which is colored and not a dye

A

introduction of a chromogenic group into an uncolored molecule

90
Q

For a chromogen to be a dye, it must be composed of an ___ and a ___, and therefore have salt-forming properties, ultimately retaining its color

A

acid and a base,

91
Q

The coloring property is attributed to the
____ and the dyeing property to the ____

A

chromophore, salty forming auxochrome

92
Q

A process of selective removal of excess dye

A

DIFFERENTIATION

93
Q

If the dye is a basic one, differentiation is carried out by an

A

acid solution

94
Q

DIFFERENTIATION is ____ TO ____ and ____ TO _____

A

BASIC TO ACIDIC & ACIDIC TO BASIC

Genpath Lec (3 decks)

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