STAINING Flashcards
To see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue, the physical characteristics of the cells, and the structural relationship of the tissue and their cells.
Staining
Classification of staining that differentiates between nucleus and cytoplasm.
Histological staining
A microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance through chemical reactions.
Histochemical staining
A combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated under the microscope.
Immunohistochemical staining
Periodic acid schiff stains…
Carbohydrates
It gives color to sections by using simple alcoholic/aqueous dye solutions
Direct staining
Action of dye is intensified by adding another agent such as mordant and accentuator
Indirect staining
Most commonly used mordant
Aluminum
Mordant used in Weigert’s hematoxylin
Ferric Chloride
Mordant used in Alum hematoxylin
K alum
Mordant used in Tungsten hematoxylin
Sunlight/K
Mordant used in Heidenhain’s
Ferric ammonium sulfate
Acts as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye.
Mordant
Does not participate in the staining reaction, but merely accelerates the speed of the staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity of the stain.
Accentuator
Accentuator Potassium hydroxide is used in ….
Loeffler’s Methylene blue
Accentuator phenol is used in …
Carbolfuschin and carbol thionine
No washing , differentiation, decolorization
Progressive staining
First, the tissue is overstained , and then the excess stain is removed for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of color is obtained
Regressive staining
Selective removal of excess stain from tissue
Differentiation/decolorizer
3 classes of differentiators:
“AMO”
Acid, Mordant, Oxidizing
Example of oxidizing differentiator
Potassium permangante/Potassium ferricyanide
Example of acid differentiator
HCl, HAc
Cytoplasmic stains - RED
“REEP”
Eosin Y, Eosin B, Phloxine B
Cytoplasmic stains - YELLOW
“YPOR”
Picric acid, Orange G, Rose bengal
Cytoplasmic stains - GREEN
“GiLiLi”
Light green SF, Lissamine
Nucleic stains - RED
“RedNaSaCarmineHema”
Neutral Red, Safranin, Carmine, Hematoxylin
Nucleic stains - BLUE
“BayotManToCeleste”
Methylene Blue, Toluene Blue, Celestine blue
2 types of ripening:
- Exposure to sunlight (3-4 months)
- Chemical oxidation
Ripening agents for chemical oxidation
“HyPoMeSoSo”
Hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, Mercuric oxide, Sodium perborate, sodium iodate
Color bearer
Chromopore
Color generator
Chromogen
Color increaser
Auxochrome
It uses specific dyes that differentiate particular substances by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself
Metachromatic staining
All metachromatic dyes are acidic or basic?
basic
ALL tissue components showing metachromasia are acidic or basic?
acidic
Stains are not applied; rather, colorless solutions of metallic salts are used
Metallic impregnation
Most valuable metal used
Gold and silver
selective staining of living cell constituent
vital staining
nucleus is not demonstrated; if so, it means that the cell is dead
vital staining
Injecting the dye into any part of the body of the animal
intravital staining
Staining the living cells immediately after removal from the living body
supravital staining
Best vital dye
Neutral red
supravital stain for mitochondria
Janus Green
Used immediately becuase toxic to cell
Trypan blue
