Staging and grading 07/02 Flashcards
What does staging refer to?
The size and spread
What does grading refer to?
The abnormality of cells
What does histopathology stand for?
The tumour type
T1
Tumour less than 20mm
T2
Tumour between 20-50mm
T3
Tumour greater than 50mm
T3
Tumour greater than 50mm
T4
Tumour of any size with extension into chest wall and or skin
T4a
Extension into chest wall
T4b
Satellite nodule, oedema of skin or ulceration of skin confined to same breast (not inflammatory)
T4c
Both T4a and T4b
T4d
Inflammatory cancer
What is inflammatory cancer?
A clinical-pathological entity (mass may not be palpable) characterised by rapid evolution
What is lymphovasuclar invasion (LVI)?
When cancer cells break into blood vessels or lymph channels (very small blood/lymph capillaries but it doesn’t mean that there is lymph node invasion).
What does cM0 stand for?
Clinically free of metastases
What does cM1 stand for?
Radiographic confirmation of metastases
What does pM1 stand for?
Biopsy confirmed metastases
Define a benign lesion
Change to normal structure of the breast parenchyma (tissue) not directly involved with profession to malignancy
Define and in-situ lesion
Cells that are inside the mammary ductal-lobular system
Define an invasive lesion
Cells that spread beyond the original structure
3 main types of invasive carcinoma
Ductal, inflammatory and lobular
What does TPM stand for - Nottingham’s histological score
Tubule formation, Nuclear pleomorphism, Mitotic activity
What is multifocal breast cancer?
When at least two invasive tumors develop in the same quadrant, or area, of the breast. All tumors arise from one original tumor.
What is multi centric breast cancer?
Where at least two tumors develop separately, often in different areas of the breast.
Is low or high Ki-67 a better prognosis?
Low
How is ER expression measured?
Primarily by immunohistochemistry
