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RADT 121 Breast Module > Breast Anatomy 01/02 > Flashcards

Breast Anatomy 01/02 Flashcards

1
Q

The ‘breast’ involves 3 main components, what are these?

A 
Mammary glands (modified sweat glands)
Superficial fascia (connective tissue)
Overlying skin on the area
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2
Q

Where anatomically is the location of a breast?

A

On the pectoral region on each side of the thoracic wall

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3
Q

What is the mammary gland composed of? (2)

A 
Glandular tissue (secretory glands)
Adipose tissue (fat tissue)
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4
Q

What is the function of the 3 main hormones (Oestrogen, Progesterone and Prolactin)?

A

They cause glandular tissue in the breast and the uterus to change during the menstrual cycle

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5
Q

At puberty what does an increase in circulating oestrogen result in?

A

The growth of ducts, lobules, connective tissue and fat to form the adult breast

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6
Q

What is the pre-dominant component of breast in non-lactating women?

A

Fat (+ proportion gets larger with age)

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7
Q

What are the 3 major hormones that affect the breast?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Prolactin

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8
Q

During pregnancy, what do high levels of oestrogen and progesterone stimulate?

A

The production of glandular breast tissue in preparation for lactation

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9
Q

What is the location of the breast cranio-cordially?

A

2nd to 6th rib

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10
Q

What does cranio-cordially mean?

A

From head to toe

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11
Q

What is the location of the breast posteriorly?

A

Posteriorly to fasciae of pectoralis major

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12
Q

What is the location of the breast laterally?

A

Laterally mammary fold usually lies at the anterior axillary line (but may extent to latissimus dorsi muscle) and breast tissue can extend to the mid-axillary line

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13
Q

What is the location of the breast medially?

A

Medially lateral border of sternum to midline

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14
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Drooping of the breast

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15
Q

What can ptosis (drooping) mean in regard to radiotherapy?

A

A significant proportion of breast tissue may lie inferior to the mammary fold which can cause problems as if the breast droops too low it can result in issues with lower internal structures e.g. lungs receiving unnecessary radiation

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16
Q

Where does the upper lateral breast region project?

A

Around the lateral margin of the pectoralis major muscle into the axilla

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17
Q

What are the 2 other names for the axillary process?

A

Axillary tail

Tail of Spence

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18
Q

What does the surface anatomy of the breast include?

A

Normal skin, except at the areola which is pigmented and contains a large number of sebaceous glands. The skin is associated with varied thickness of subcutaneous fat

19
Q

Where does the axillary tail extend?

A

Into the anterior axillary fold

20
Q

Where is the nipple found, what is it composed of and what is its function?

A

Found near the centre of the areola, contains dense fibrous connective tissue and its function is the expression of milk produced by the lobules

21
Q

What shape/colour is the areola and what glands does it contain?

A

Small dark pigmented oval shape that contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands and accessory areola glands (glands of Montgomery)

22
Q

How many lobes is the breast made up of?

A

12-20 lobes formed of smaller lobules

23
Q

What are breast lobules formed from?

A

A cluster of alveoli

24
Q

What do ducts and secretory lobules combine to form?

A

15-20 lactiferous ducts (stratified squamous epithelium) which open independently to deliver milk to the nipple

25
Q

What is the dilated portion of the lactiferous duct known as?

A

Lactiferous sinus or ampulla

26
Q

What type of tissue fills the space between the lobules (interlobular space)

A

Adipose tissue

27
Q

How many breast quadrants are there?

A

4 (upper outer, upper inner, lower outer & lower inner) - ALWAYS STATE LATERALITY e.g. Left upper outer LUO

28
Q

Which quadrant is the most common location of breast cancer?

A

Upper outer quadrant

29
Q

What percentage of upper outer drain via lymphatics?

A

Around 75%

30
Q

What is lymphatic invasion (LVI)?

A

The most common spread of breast cancer - gone into lymph capillaries immediately surrounding breast but this is not the same as lymphatic spread which is by axillary vessels and nodes through the subclavian trunk and into circulatory system

31
Q

Why are blood vessels fairly radio resistant?

A

The cells do not replicate as regularly as other cells

32
Q

Veins draining the breast parallel to the arrows into the lungs to be oxygenated and drain ultimately into what…?

A

Axillary

33
Q

Where does lymphatic drainage from the lateral part of the breast pass through?

A

The nodes in the axilla

34
Q

Why might significant disruption to the normal lymphatic drainage occur?

A

If a mastectomy or surgical axillary nodal clearance has been carried out

35
Q

What might happen to the upper limb (arm) if the lymphatic drainage is damaged?

A

The arm may swell and pitting edema (lymphoedema) may develop

36
Q

What percentage of lymphatic vessels drain laterally and superiorly into axillary nodes?

A

75%

37
Q

Where does the remaining 25% drain?

A

Into parasternal nodes deep into the anterior thoracic wall and associated with the internal thoracic artery.

38
Q

Where do the parasternal nodes drain?

A

Into the bronchomediastinal trunks

39
Q

Where are level 1 nodes located?

A

Below and laterally from the lateral edge of pectoralis minor muscle (anterior and posterior groups)

40
Q

Where are the level 2 nodes located?

A

Behind the pectoralis minor (central and lateral groups)

41
Q

Where are the level 3 nodes located?

A

Upwards and medially to the medial edge of pectoralis minor (apical group of nodes)

42
Q

Innervation (nerves) of the breast are via which branches and of which nerves?

A

Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the second to sixth intercostal muscles

43
Q

Which intercostal muscle is the nipple innervated?

A

Fourth

44
Q

How many vertebra and spinal nerves are there?

A

31 vertebra (7, 12, 5, 1) and 32 spinal nerves (8, 12, 5, 1)

RADT 121 Breast Module (7 decks)

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