Stage 3 check Flashcards
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen
Symptoms of Hypoxia
■ Euphoria
■ Headache
■ Slower reaction time
■ Impaired judgement
4 Types of Hypoxia
Hypoxic
Hypemic
Stagnant
Histotoxic
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen due to atmospheric conditions
Example: High altitudes where air is thinner
Hypemic Hypoxia
Inability to carry oxygen in blood cells - CO2
Example: Anemia, disease, blood loss, deformed blood cells, or CO poisoning
Stagnant Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency due to poor circulation of blood
Example: Pulling excessive G’s
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Inability for body to use the oxygen
Example: Drugs, alcohol
Oxygen Requirements
(91.211)
■ Required for crew when flying between 12500’ - 14000’ MSL for >30 minutes
■ Mandatory for crew when flying above 14000’ MSL
■ Mandatory for crew and all passengers must be provided above 15000’ MSL
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning
Symptoms
■ Headache
■ Dizziness
■ Drowsiness
■ Confusion
■ Vomiting
■ Incapacitation
■ Convulsions
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning
Cause
■ Cabin heater
● Many piston aircraft heat the cabin by air flowing over the manifold
● Exhaust escaping through crack in manifold or seals allow exhaust fumes to mix with air and enter cabin
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning
Resolution
■ Turn heater off
■ Open windows
■ Tell ATC you suspect CO poisoning
● Declare emergency
■ Land as soon as possible
Hyperventilation
Causes
■ Stress
■ Panic
■ Anxiety
Hyperventilation
Symptoms
■ Lightheadedness
■ Nausea
■ Suffocation
■ Tingling in extremities
■ Rapid pulse and breathing rate
Hyperventilation
Resolution
■ Talking loudly
■ Singing
■ Controlled breathing into a bag
■ Remove cause of stress/anxiety
What is hyperventilation
○ Rapid breathing/abnormal volume of air breathed in and out of lungs
○ Results in decrease of carbon dioxide (CO2) content in blood
Sinus Block
○ Sinuses are most often affected by pressure changes ○ Air pressure in sinuses equalize through small openings in the nasal passages during altitude changes
○ Upper respiratory infections such as cold can produce enough congestion to slow equalization
■ The difference in pressure from sinuses eventually plug the opening
○ Sinus block most occurs most often in descents
Altitude Decompression Sickness
Pilots or passengers who intend to fly after scuba diving should allow enough time
to rid themselves of excess nitrogen buildup
Altitude Decompression Sickness
Recommended Waiting Times
■ Uncontrolled Ascent
● 12 hours for flights up to 8000’ MSL
● 24 hours for flights above 8000’ MSL
■ Controlled Ascent
● 24 hours for flights at any altitude
Hazardous Attitudes
Anti-Authority
Impulsivity
Invulnerability
Macho
Resignation
Nighttime
Lights Required
Sunset to sunrise
Nighttime
Logging Night
Civil twilight (~30 minutes after sunset/before sunrise)
Nighttime
Currency
3 takeoffs/landings to full stop 1 hour after sunset/before sunrise
Left Turning Tendencies
Torque
Spiraling slipstream
Gyroscopic precession
P-Factor
Left Turning Tendencies
Torque
■ Force that causes an opposite reaction
■ Propeller spins clockwise, airplane wants to spin counterclockwise
Left Turning Tendencies
Spiraling Slipstream
Prop creates spiral of air that rotates around fuselage and hits the left side of tail, causing aircraft to yaw left
Left Turning Tendencies (R)
Gyroscopic Precession
■ A force applied is manifested 90 degrees ahead of the direction of rotation
■ This example is more drastic in tailwheel aircraft but still applies to tricycle
gear.
● Picture yourself in the pilot seat. As you accelerate, the tail rises upon
takeoff. It is like someone is pushing at the top of the prop. Due to
gyroscopic precession, the force results in being 90 degrees ahead, or
on the right side of the prop, thus pushing the nose left.
P-Factor
■ In straight and level, both blades of prop have equal AoA ■ When in climb/descent, one blade has higher AoA than other, creating more lift to one side, thus yawing to that side
ADM
Aeronautical decision making
Limiting human error
Pilot
Aircraft
enVironment
External pressures
Risk management
Pilot
IMSAFE
Risk management
Aircraft
ARROWPDC
AAVIATE
Risk management
Environment
NWKRAFT
