Stage 1 Flashcards
Pilot Documents
Government ID
Pilot Certificate
Medical
Medical
1st Class (ATPs and lower)
Under 40
60 months
Privileges for 12 calendar months, then reverts to third class privileges for remaining 48 calendar months
Medical
1st Class (ATPs and lower)
40 and over
24 months
Privileges for 6 calendar months, then reverts to second class privileges for 6 calendar months, then reverts to third class privileges for remaining 12 calendar months
Medical (Commercial and lower)
2nd Class
Privileges for 12 calendar months, then reverts to third class
privileges for remaining duration of your age group
Medical (All other certificates)
3rd Class
Under 40
Privileges for 60 calendar months
Medical (All other certificates)
3rd class
40 or over
Privileges for 24 calendar months
Airplane documents
Airworthiness certificate
Registration
Radio station license
Operating limitations
Weight and balance
Placards
Data plate
Compass deviation card
Airplane documents
Airworthiness certificate
■ Salmon color (special airworthiness certificate)
■ Does not have an expiration date
■ Valid when all maintenance requirements are met
Airplane documents
Registration
Valid for 84 calendar months
White in color
Aircraft purchased with dealership certificate of registration; new owner must
register immediately.
Airplane documents
Radio station license
Required only for international flights
Airplane documents
Operating limitations
■ FAA-approved (91.9)
■ Pilot’s operating handbook (POH)
■ Airplane flying manual (AFM)
Airplane documents
Weight and balance
■ Master weight and balance ■ Completed by a mechanic ■ Often included in the POH binder
Airplane documents
Placards
Stickers and markings as required in POH
Airplane documents
Data plate
■ A metal plate mounted on the left side empennage
■ Includes registration information such as:
● Date of manufacture
● Model number
● Serial number
● Registration number
Airplane documents
Compass deviation card
Indicates how to account for the error resulting from magnetic influence of nearby equipments
Student Pilot Privileges
○ Cannot take passengers
○ Cannot act as PIC without endorsement from instructor
○ Must carry logbook when acting as PIC
Private Pilot Privileges
○ Can take passengers
○ Must pay pro rata share
■ Your equal share of expenses for that flight which includes fuel, oil, airport
expenditures, and rental fees
○ Does not need to carry logbook
Currency/Recency
To act as PIC
○ Appropriately rated in category (airplane) and class (single engine land)
○ Flight review in last 24 calendar months
■ Successful checkride substitutes as a flight review
■ WINGS program substitutes as flight review
Currency/Recency
To carry passengers
○ Day: 3 takeoffs and landings during daytime
○ Night: 3 takeoffs and landings to a full stop, 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise
Currency/Recency
Logging flight time
Only necessary to log when:
■ Staying current
■ Training in pursuit of a new certificate/rating
Airplane Inspections
Airworthiness Directives
Annual
VOR
100hr
Altimeter
Transponder
ELT
Airplane Inspections
Airworthiness Directives
○ Issued by FAA
○ Can be immediate action, fix by date, or recurring
Airplane Inspections
Annual
○ 12 calendar months
○ Very thorough; can substitute 100hr inspection
Airplane Inspections
VOR
○ Very high frequency omnidirectional range
○ Due every 30 days
* IFR only
Airplane Inspections
100hr
○ Due every 100hr flight time ○ Only required when aircraft is for hire or instruction
Airplane Inspections
Altimeter
○ Pitot-static system
○ Due every 24 calendar months
* IFR only
Airplane Inspections
Transponder
Due every 24 calendar months
Airplane Inspections
ELT
121.5
○ Emergency locator transmitter
○ Inspection: due every 12 calendar months
○ Battery Replacement Required:
■ When the ELT has been in use for 1 cumulative hour ■ When the battery half life has been reached
Airplane Inspections
Service Bulletin
○ Issued by manufacturer
○ Can be immediate action, fix by date, or recurring
Required equipment
FAR 91.205 and a headset
A – airspeed indicator
T – tachometer (for each engine)
O – oil pressure gauge (for each engine using a pressure system)
M – manifold pressure gauge (for each altitude engine)
A – altimeter
T – temperature gauge (for each liquid-cooled engine)
O – oil temperature gauge (for each engine)
F – fuel gauge
L – landing gear position indicator
A – anti-collision lights
M – magnetic compass
E – ELT
S – safety belts
Required equipment as listed in FAR 91.205
■ Airspeed indicator
■ Tachometer for each engine
■ Oil pressure gauge
■ Manifold pressure gauge
■ Altimeter
■ Temperature gauge for each liquid cooled engine
■ Oil temperature gauge for each air cooled engine
■ Fuel gauge indicator
■ Landing gear position indicator
■ Anti-collision lights
■ Magnetic direction indicator
■ Emergency locator transmitter
■ Safety belts
Inoperative Equipment
- Minimum equipment list (MEL)
- POH/KOEL
- Airworthiness directives (AD)
- Required equipment (91.205)
Preventative Maintenance
A holder of a pilot certificate may perform preventive maintenance
Part 43 Appendix A (c)
Special Flight Permit
Issued by FSDO (Flight Standards District Office)
● For an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements, but is capable of safe flight
● Only for the purpose of flying the aircraft to a point of repairs
Stall
When airplane exceeds critical angle of attack
■ Can occur at any airspeed or attitude
Spin
An aggravated stall where one wing is more stalled than the other
Caused by exceeding critical angle of attack and uncoordinated flight
Weather Information
METAR
Meteorological Aerodrome Report
Current/observed weather updated every 50 minutes past the hour
Weather Information
TAF
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
Forecast valid 24 hours, updated every 6 hours
Weather Information
Determining Crosswind/Limitations
Clock Method
■ Take the difference between wind direction and runway heading
■ Change degrees to “minutes”
■ Determine how far those “minutes” go around the clock
■ Convert to % of one hour
■ Take that % and multiply by the total wind component, you now have your
crosswind component!
● Example: Runway 15, wind 180 @ 16 knots ● 30 degrees off runway heading = 30 minutes ● 30 minutes = halfway around the clock (50%) ● 50% of 16k knots is 8 knots crosswind!
Runway Incursion
An incident where an unauthorized aircraft, vehicle, or person is on a runway or runway protected area
Runway Incursion Avoidance
Prevention
○ Have the taxi diagram out and available
■ Brief instructions, hotspots along route
○ Read back instructions in full
○ Write down instructions
○ Practice sterile cockpit
○ Familiarize yourself with the airport layout, markings, and signs
○ When in runup area, tune into tower frequency to gain situational awareness of the runway activities
Lost Communication Procedures
Troubleshoot!
■ Check radio on ■ Check volume and squelch ■ Check headset plug connection ■ Check frequency ■ Request radio check ■ Go back to the previous frequency if applicable
b. In controlled airspace, squawk 7600
■ Landing at a towered airport
● Stay above the traffic pattern altitude and circle while observing the traffic
flow and looking out for other traffic ● Wait for the ATC light gun signals ●Rock your wings (day) or flash landing light (night) in acknowledgement ● Follow the instructions and land when cleared
c. If uncontrolled, land as soon as practicable
ATC light gun
Green
Ground: cleared for takeoff
Air: cleared to land
ATC light gun
Flashing green
Ground: cleared for taxi
Air: return for landing
ATC light gun
Steady red
Ground: stop
Air: give way to other aircraft and continue circling
ATC light gun
Flashing red
Ground: taxi clear of runway in use
Air: airport unsafe do not land
ATC light gun
Flashing white
Return to starting point on airport
ATC light gun
Alternating green and red
Exercise extreme caution
Wake turbulence
Wake turbulence (wingtip vortices) slowly descend behind the aircraft
Up out and around
Wake Turbulence Avoidance
On takeoff, rotate prior to where the aircraft ahead rotated
On landing, stay above the flight path of the aircraft ahead and land beyond where the aircraft has touched down
Wind Shear
● Sudden change in wind speed and/or direction
● Low level wind shear
● Increase the takeoff/approach speed to account for wind shear
Describe FROM, BECMG, TEMPO, PROB, on a TAF?
FROM – Rapid change occurring within 1 hour
BECMG – Gradual change to take place over the course of 1 hour
TEMPO – Between the predicted period, this weather will only occur for less than an hour
PROB – number placed afterwards is the probability of the weather forecasted to occur
What is the definition of a ceiling?
The height above the ground of a broken or overcast layer
What are the right-of-way rules as applied to the different categories of aircraft?
Aircraft in distress have priority over all other aircraft then…
Balloons
Gliders
Aircraft towing other aircraft or refueling in flight
Airships
Rotorcraft and airplanes
Required action for all aircraft confrontations (same category): converging, approaching head-on, overtaking
Converging: Aircraft on the right has the right of way
Head on: Both divert to the right
Overtaking: Overtake on the right side
Minimum safe altitude over congested area of a city?
1000’ above highest obstacle within 2000’
Minimum safe altitude in areas other than congested areas?
500’ above the surface or 500’ above any vessel, person
What is the maximum airspeed below 10,000’ MSL?
250 kias
Runway lights
White lights are runway
blue lights taxiway edge lights
Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)
Increases capacity of an airport, reduce ground delays
LAHSO DECLINE
-If pilot believes safety will be compromised
-Can still do a go around
-Consider visibility, sun, etc.
!!!Student pilot, recreational pilots, and pilots unfamiliar with LAHSO cannot accept LAHSO clearance!!!
Strong quartering headwind,
aileron up on wind side (yoke into wind)
elevator neutral on tricycle landing gear (up on tail wheel climb into the wind)
Strong quartering tailwind
aileron down on wind side (yoke
away from wind)
elevator down on all aircrafts (push yoke forward)
Dive away from the wind
Certification of Airmen
Airmen are certified by category (overarching classification) of Aircraft
o Airplane classes:
▪ Single engine land
▪ Single engine sea
▪ Multi engine land
▪ Multi engine sea
o Glider
o Rotorcraft classes
▪ Helicopter
▪ Gyroplane
o Lighter than air classes
▪ Airship
▪ Balloon
o Powered Lift (Osprey, Harrier)
o Powered parachute
o Weight-shift control aircraft
Certification of Airmen
Types of aircraft
Make and model
Need type rating for specific aircraft to be PIC:
▪ Gross weight above 12,500 pounds requires check ride in that aircraft.
▪ Turbojet regardless of weight.
Aircraft are certified in different Categories/Classes
Normal
Utility
Aerobatic
Other Categories
o Restricted
o Experimental
o Transport
o Limited
Required equipment night
Fuses
Landing lights
Anti-collision lights
Position lights
Source of power
Basic med
Pic w/o medical
Part 68.113
6 occupants
250 kts
18,000
6,000 lbs
