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History - Tudors > Stability - Edward and Mary > Flashcards

Stability - Edward and Mary Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the final Act of Succession under Henry VIII

A

1543

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2
Q

What did the final Act of Succession say?

A

If Edward died without heirs the throne would pass to Mary and if she died without heirs it would pass to Elizabeth and her heirs

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3
Q

Who headed the Reformist faction

A

Seymour - Duke of Somerset

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4
Q

Who headed the Catholic faction

A

Gardiner

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5
Q

What did Henry want the regency council to look like

A

Balanced between Reformists and the Catholics to ensure that there was political stability

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6
Q

How did Paget and Denny undermine Henry’s wishes?

A

By changing Henry’s will with the dry stamp, and keeping his death quiet to ensure that they could establish Somerset as Lord Protector, with Gardiner removed.

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7
Q

Concerns over minor rule

A 
Unable to lead troops
Other states can take advantage
Civil War
Factionalism
Issue of image
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8
Q

Why was it expected that Somerset would take control?

A

He was Edward’s uncle, and people argued having him - a well established soldier - as a leader was wise as he would be able to lead battles and it would avoid long debates with him as a larger voice.

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9
Q

What did Somerset’s governance look like

A

Not dissimilar from Henry’s: the same methods were used to deal with the same issues.
There was a lack of effective leadership, and the problems that plagued Henry were worse.

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10
Q

What was one of Somerset’s first policies?

A

Repeal of the Treason Act, 1547

  • Discuss religion without being censored
  • Circulation
  • This also repealed the Proclamation Act: this stopped proclamations being treated as statutes)
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11
Q

How was the repeal of the Proclamation Act undermined

A

77 proclamations issued under Somerset.

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12
Q

How was the Catholic religion undermined by Somerset

A

1547 Chantries Act

  • Chantry land confiscated
  • Gold and silver melted to pay for War
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13
Q

When was debasement at its worst?

A

1551: gold content at 25%

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14
Q

What was the beginning of the end for Somerset

A

August 1549: rebellion in East Anglia - Somerset would have had to withdraw troops from France and Scotland in order to effectively deal with this.
The Privy Council sent John Dudley (later Northumberland) to deal with it.

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15
Q

When was Somerset imprisoned

A

October 1549 by Dudley, and he faced no opposition, after Somerset retreated to Warwick with Edward, who claimed that Somerset had threatened riots if he were removed.

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16
Q

How did Dudley secure himself?

A

Surrounded himself with allies.
E.g. 1550: removed Catholic Earls of Arundel and Southampton.
It was only once he was secure as Lord President in February 1550 that he released Somerset.

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17
Q

What was Edward’s power at the start of Somerset’s rule

A

Irrelevant
Somerset was strict, he had few servants
Somerset ruled with dry stamps and Proclamations

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18
Q

What was Edward’s power at Somerset’s fall

A

Could no longer be ignored
12 years old
Not interested in Politics

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19
Q

When was Somerset’s rise

A

January 1547

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20
Q

When was Somerset’s fall

A

October 1549

21
Q

When was Northumberland’s rise

A

October 1549

22
Q

How did Northumberland gain power through thw Catholics

A

In October 1549, he pretended e was Catholic and began to conspire with some Conservatives. Despite this, many Catholics still wished to replace Edward with Mary, the Catholic.

23
Q

How did Northumberland ally with Cranmer?

A

Cranmer, a Progressive, allowed Northumberland access to Edward.

24
Q

When did Seymour become Duke of Somerset

A

February 1547

25
Q

When did Dudley become Duke of Northumberland

A

October 1551

26
Q

How did Northumberland consolidate his power?

A

February 1550: expelled Conservatives. Became Lord President of the Privy Council.
October 1551: Became Duke of Northumberland.
1552: Somerset executed.

27
Q

How did Northumberland change his Privy Council when he came to power?

A 
Supporters of Somerset like Paget were reinstated.
Enlarged membership to 33
Chose men of military experience
Inner committee dealt with business.
Less use of proclamations
28
Q

What was the state of the economy under Northumberland?

A

1550: government was bankrupt
£1.3m had been spent on War, to the extent to which the crown had to borrow £50,000 each year just to maintain the royal household.
The coin was debased for the final time in 1551 at which point it was at 25% of 1927 level, to pay loans off.

29
Q

How did Northumberland restore the economy

A

Cecil advised the sale of Chantry land and goods. In 1552, the silver content was restored to the 1527 level

30
Q

How did Northumberland prepare for Edward’s death?

A

He knew Mary’s accession would result in his death.

With the Devise for the Succession in 1553, it was planned that Lady Jane Grey should succeed Edward.

31
Q

What happened after Edward died?

A

6th July 1553: Edward is dead.
9th July 1553: Lady Jane proclaimed Queen
18th July 1553: Mary takes over. Northumberland executed.

32
Q

What was Edward’s power during the early years of Northumberland

A

Changes in government gave him more powers

He began to attend council meetings in 1550, and even set their agenda

33
Q

What was Edward’s power during Northumberland’s middle years

A

Attended council meetings regularly
Lead some business
Held views on pressing matters
Spring 1552: annunced he would rule independently at 16 years old (he was 15 when he died in 1553)

34
Q

What was Edward’s power at the end of Northumberland’s reign?

A

Created the devise for the succession
Drove the reformation
Northumberland retained control of foreign policy
Northumberland held much influence over Edward

35
Q

What was Mary like?

A

37 at accession
Resisted Protestantism, but was allowed to practice Catholicism by her brother.
Pressured to relinquish her faith under Northumberland
Supported by her cousin, Charles V of the HRE
Did not trust Privy Council and relied on Simon Renard

36
Q

How did Mary’s reign start

A

18th July 1553: Mary became Queen.
Greeted with enthusiasm, and released prisoners like Stephen Gardiner.
Lenient towards opponents: Northumberland was 1 of 3 executed.
Others like Cecil imprisoned. Paget and others were allowed to maintain their positions.

37
Q

How popular was Mary

A

Showed skill in her coup d’état.

Indecisively restored England and her marriage (which was not popular) was seen as chaotic.

38
Q

What were Mary’s main problems

A

Did not produce an heir
War with France
Economy

39
Q

What was the problem with marrying Philip?

A

He was foreign: he would drag her into Hasburg affairs.

40
Q

How did Mary use the Privy Council

A

She conducted affairs mostly with an inner chamber of Northumberland’s ex-councillors like Paget.
Mary would only really consult the Privy Council after deciding her policy privately with Simon Renard.

41
Q

How did Mary use Parliament?

A

She was supported by the Lords’ clergy over her religious policy - she imprisoned the likes of Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley who threatened Catholicism.
There was conflict over her marriage.

42
Q

How did Mary use financial reforms?

A

Gave away crown lands for $
Exchequer dealt with clerical taxes and income.
Removed debased coinage.
1558: Book of rates tripled custom revenue from £30,000 to £85,000.
1555: Survey of crown lands - profits from rents increased

43
Q

What was the economy like under Mary

A

Economic system worsened, with bad harvests and the plague.
Subsequently, the government stopped the movement of textile industries from the towns to avoid urban unemployment, which causes vagrancy.

44
Q

Who were Mary’s main choices to marry

A

Edward Courtenay

Philip of Spain

45
Q

When did Mary announce who she would marry

A

October 1553

46
Q

When did the marriage treaty get finalised

A

January 1554: by Mary, Paget, Gardiner, and Renard.

Philip would have no power, no appointments and England would not involve itself within Spanish affairs.

47
Q

When did Phillip and Mary marry?

A

25th July 1554, people began to fear the influence the Spaniards would have, especially on the Church.
People especially feared Friar Castro, believed to have an interest in the persecution of heretics.

48
Q

When was the Prayer Book rebellion

A

1549

49
Q

When was Kett’s rebellion

A

1549

History - Tudors (6 decks)

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