SSC cardiology Flashcards
What is first for AF control rate or rhythm?
rate
what are the 3 lines of rate control?
- beta-blocker
- Ca+ channel blocker (not in heart failure)
- Digoxin
what are the 2 ways of rhythm control?
cardio version and medical control of rhythm
When would you perform immediate cardioversion
patient is haemodynamically unstable
what are the 2 options for immediate cardioversion?
cardiac defib
or
flecainide/ amiodarone
what are the 3 lines of rhythm control?
- beta-blocker
- dronedarone
- amiodarone
what is really important to assess someone with afib?
CHA2DS2-VASc score !!
Needs anticoagulation medication
what are the options for anticoagulation?
- DAOCs (apixaban, edoxaban)
- warfarin
what does an angiogram look at?
How the coronary vessels are looking (using dye contrast x-ray)
what does an echocardiogram look at?
The structure of the heart and how the valves are working
What kind of murmur does aortic stenosis cause
ejection systolic murmur
(classically radiates up to the carotids)
what are the 2 main causes of aortic stenosis
calcification- in older patients
bicuspid valve- in younger patients
what can you use to increase blood pressure in someone with heart failure but have hypovolimia (can’t use a diuretic first)
+ve catecholamines
eg. adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine
what are the 4 prognostic treatments for heart failure
- spironlactone
- beta-blocker
- ACEi
- dapagliflozin (SGLT-2i)
why do you use diuretics in heart failure
provides symptomatic relief but doesn’t improve prognostics of disease
what is 1st degree heart block
the PR interval is >0.2s
What is 2nd degree heart block type 1?
Progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a dropped beat occurs
What is 2nd degree heart block type 2?
The PR interval is consistent but the P wave is not always followed by a QRS complex
what is 3rd degree heart block?
No association between the P waves and QRS complexes
what is the treatment for heart block?
pacemaker
causes of heart block
older age
coronary artery disease
cardiomyopathy
sarcoidosis
lyme disease
hyperthyroidism
hyperkalemia
What defines a STEMI
chest pain
On ECG- ST elevation is seen
Raised troponin
What defines N-STEMI
Chest pain
No ST-elevation on ECG
Raised troponin!!
Treatment for MI
MONAC
(Morphine, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin, clopidogrel)
in < than 4hrs after symptoms- PCI
if >4hr after symptoms - thrombolysis
