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Geography > Sri Lanka Case Studies (A1 Mocks) > Flashcards

Sri Lanka Case Studies (A1 Mocks) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Social Inequality

A

Differences in opportunities/rewards for different groups of people, e.g. education, employment, housing, healthcare based on their age,gender, sexuality, ethnicity etc

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2
Q

Define Spatial Inequality

A

The unequal distribution of factors such as income, health or education across a geographic space at any scale

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3
Q

Define Deprivation

A

General lack of resources and opportunities

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4
Q

Define Multiple Deprivation

A

The lagging-behind of members of society in a number of related aspects of life (Positive Feedback Cycle)

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5
Q

Define Quality of Life

A

Sense of well-being, qualitative as it is a personal view and difficult to measure

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6
Q

Define Standard of Living

A

Material possessions and wealth, quantitative as it can be measured

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7
Q

Social Inequality Measures

A

Housing tenure: owner occupied, rented, social housing, squatters
Healthcare: doctor-patient ratio, morbidity levels, clean water&sanitation
Education: literacy levels, exam success
Employment: wages, informal employment, primary sector/low-level services
Access to services: number of facilities, mobile phone networks & broadband
Income: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) - in poverty if below $1.25/day (comparison of actual cost of living), disposable income

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8
Q

What is Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)?

A

UK Gov. Measure
Ranks all 32,844 Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) from 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least)
Based on income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing&services and living environment
Pros: LSOAs contain 650-1500 households so can identify small pockets of deprivation, considers 7 factors
Cons: ranking by deciles only shows there is a different in inequality (not by how much), only collected in UK

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9
Q

What is the Gini Coefficient?

A

Measures a country’s income distribution
Given a value 0-1 (closer to 1=more inequality)
0.4 = International Red Alert for Severe Income Inequality
Pros: shows wealth disparities
Cons: no indication of wealth, just the spread of it

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10
Q

What is Human Development Index (HDI)?

A

Devised by UN
Based on economic criteria (GDP per capita adjusted for PPP), life expectancy and literacy rates
Ranked from 0 (least developed) to 1 (most developed)
Pros: useful for comparing whole world, considers social&economic factors and actual cost of living
Cons: value for whole country hides inequality within

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11
Q

Define Global Shift

A

The relocation of manufacturing across the globe
Manufacturing moved from western Europe/USA/Japan to China/southeast Asia
Some services industries moved e.g. call centres to India
ACs focussing on high tech R&D and tertiary sector

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12
Q

What is the New International Division of Labour?

A

Traditional manufacturing countries of the west becoming more focussed on services industries with manufacturing moving to EDCs/LIDCs

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13
Q

Define Employment Structure

A

Proportion of people employed in 3 key sectors (primary/secondary/tertiary)

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14
Q

Define Structural Change

A

Change in a country’s employment structure

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15
Q

Cons of Global Shift (ACs)

A

Rise in unemployment = less disposable income = lack of spending power = selective outmigration from inner city area = spiral of decline
Rationalisation of manufacturing sector = cost cutting & wage decrease = factory closures = empty/derelict buildings/wastelands

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16
Q

Pros of Global Shift (ACs)

A

Cheaper labour = cheaper goods
Cheap land & falling wages = Foreign Direct Investment (e.g. Nissan near Sunderland in 70s/80s)
Improved environmental quality (closure of heavy industries)
Creation of more relevant/efficient/productive industries

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17
Q

Pros of Global Shift (EDCs/LIDCs)

A

Growth of manufacturing industries spreads wealth & growth of workers’ rights
Reduction in negative trade balance
Trickled-down effect to local areas with more highly paid jobs
Increase in new technologies, skills and labour productivity

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18
Q

Cons of Global Shift (EDCs/LIDCs)

A

Growth of inequality between rural/urban areas
Over dependence on a narrow economic base
Destabilises food supplies as agricultural output declines
Decrease in social welfare (exploitation by TNCs)
Environmental issues with industrialisation

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19
Q

Sri Lanka Population

A

22 million

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20
Q

Largest city in Sri Lanka & population

A

Colombo, 613,000

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21
Q

Sri Lanka’s Ethnicity/Relgion

A
  1. 9% Sinhalese (mainly Buddhists)

11. 2% Tamils (mainly Hindu)

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22
Q

Sri Lanka’s Economy

A

EDC
Strong economic growth since end of civil war
Little development under British Colonial rule (mainly agricultural growing tea, rubber & coconut)
Growth in secondary sector
50% of population works in tertiary sector

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23
Q

Gender equality in Sri Lanka

A

Patriarchal society
35% of women have a job
Women’s unemployment 2x higher than men’s (7% vs 2.9%)

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24
Q

Sri Lanka’s recent history

A

1948: gained independence after 150 yrs British colonial rule
1983: start of civil war - Tamil Tigers objected to domination of island by Sinhalese, wanted own state in north/east, lasted 26 years, up to 100,000 killed
2004: Boxing Day Tsunami, killed 40,000 people

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25
Q

Sri Lanka’s Economic Development - Key Stats

A

GDP per capita: roughly doubled over 9 year period since end of the civil war; $2054 (2009) - $2744 (2010); plateaued recently

HDI: gradually increased; 0.625 (1990) - 0.77 (2020); no significant increase since end of civil war (0.745 in 2010)

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26
Q

National Inequality - overall stats

A

Gini coefficient: 0.39
Average household monthly income: top 10% earned 16x the bottom 10% in 2016 ($1144 vs $71)
85% of those in bottom 10% are from rural sector

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27
Q

National Inequality - which areas?

A

Colombo District - south west coast
Batticaloa District - East coast

Poverty rate in Batticaloa 5.5x higher than Colombo

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28
Q

National Inequality: Ethnicity/Religion

A

Colombo: 77% sinhalese

Batticaloa: 72% Tamil

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29
Q

National Inequality: Poverty headcount index

A

Colombo: 0.9% (lowest of all districts)

Batticaloa: 11.3% (3rd highest)

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30
Q

National inequality: computer literacy rate

A

Colombo: 44%

Batticaloa: 17%

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31
Q

National Inequality: Mean Monthly Household income (Rupees)

A

Colombo: 104,581 (highest of all districts)

Batticaloa: 40,356 (one of lowest)

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32
Q

National Inequality: Literacy Rates

A

Colombo: 96% (97% Males 95% Females)

Batticaloa: 85% (87% Males 84% Females)

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33
Q

Reasons for Poverty: Batticaloa

A

One of most conflict affected districts (civil war) - 20% of the 1000+ schools closed until 2009, destruction of homes&infrastructure, 500,000 residents fled
58% of residents in agriculture yet low agricultural productivity - one of five districts with the lowest productivity in paddy farming 2010/11
2011 flooding - destroyed thousands of homes & drowned livestock/crops, 1 million people (40% children) at serious hunger risk

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34
Q

Reasons for Wealth: Colombo

A

Densely populated: 3330 people/km^2; 30% of population live in Colombo
Popular tourist destination & financial centre - contributes to half of country’s GDP, 80% of export-oriented manufacturing takes place here
Large harbour along East-West sea trade routes
Government investment to turn it into metropolis of international standards

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35
Q

Local Inequality - Overview

A

Colombo
Gini coefficient: 0.46
Richest: Cinnamom Gardens, 3km south east of centre, home to Prime Minister’s Office, Independence Hall etc
Poorest: 50% of all Colombo residents living in underserved settlements (USS), estimated 65,000; e.g. Gothamipura

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36
Q

Local Inequality: Issues in USS

A

Only 10-25% receive poor relief support
No legal home address so children cannot be registered in schools, no rights to land
30% of families struggle accessing drinking water
51% have access to sewerage network, some sewage directly discharged into canals
30% of structures are temporary shelters

37
Q

Reducing National Inequality in Sri Lanka - Government Actions

A 
Welfare schemes: free education & health services
Samurdhi Programme (started 1995) - 1.4 million families on roster - distributing food stamps, savings & credit programme with loans for business development via Samurdhi Bank, training programmes

Batticaloa: dry rations/temporary shelter/basic supplies from UN, rebuilding roads, large scale irrigation & drinking water supply projects, over 95% provided with electricity (others soon)

38
Q

Reducing Regional Inequality: Sahaspura Redevelopment

A

Remove USS & build 14 storey development of 671 apartments, to be mixed low & middle income and ethnically balanced (60% Sinhalese 40% Tamil)
Young people more likely to be employed as no longer considered “slum dwellers” & children enrolled in school
Ground floor units rented to businesses
UDA used force to evict people during slum clearance & residents needs not considered
Still over 77,000 USS families
Maintenance fund raised by inhabitants paying 25,000 Rupees when getting keys, too expensive & lifts/damp not fixed

39
Q

Reducing Regional Inequality: Gothamipura

A

Funded by IDRC in Canada
NGO Sevantha carried out household survey to identify problems: CMC does not regularly collect waste, 75% dissatisfied with rubbish disposal, 94% have access to private toilets but none connected to main sewage network
Colombo Municipal Council implemented improvements - waste management collection & sorting centre being built, possibility of all being connected to sewage network
About 50% felt their well-being would continue to improve

40
Q

Define player

A

A person, group of people, organisation or government who have an interest/influence in a particular change in an area, development or business

41
Q

Difference between public and private players

A

Public: seeking economic development to improve social welfare; people at the heart

Private: aim to generate money to make a profit

42
Q

Environmental characteristics before structural economic change - Sri Lanka

A

Air pollution: number of motor vehicles tripled during 1990s, increased traffic jams & use of old vehicles/poor quality gas
Water pollution: pollutants from sewage, vegetable & hospital waste ended up in rivers eg Kelani River; lake pollution creating algal blooms, reducing oxygen content and killing fish
Waste management: (2005) 24% of households had waste management, only 2% in rural areas had waste collection

43
Q

Demographic characteristics of structural economic change- Sri Lanka

A

Population increase x9 since 1871
Fifth highest rapidly growing ageing population in Asia (6% in 1981 - 10% 2001)
80,000-100,000 people killed during civil war
Fluctuating rate of population increase - peaked at 3% in 1953, lowest at 1% in 2001

44
Q

Cultural characteristics of structural economic change- Sri Lanka

A

Civil war due to tensions between Sinhalese government domination of island & Tamils wanting own independent state (Tamil Eelam) in North&East
73% Sinhalese 13% Tamil
Tamil Tigers defeated by government in 2009

45
Q

Socio-economic characteristics of structural economic change - Sri Lanka

A

Little industry development under British rule - large agricultural sector (tea, rubber & coconut)
Most industry involved processing exports from plantations
Proceeds from agricultural exports used to buy manufactured goods from other countries

46
Q

Who were the Asian Tigers and what was their comparative advantage?

A

South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong & Singapore
Rapid industrialisation & economic growth 1960s -1990s as they specialised in activities they were skilled/efficient in; they were peaceful, educated and English speaking
GDP per capita PPP: $11000 Sri Lanka vs $35000-$83000 ATs
HDI: 0.77 Sri Lanka vs 0.88-0.91 ATs

47
Q

Define Foreign Direct Investment

A

Investment by TNCs (trans national corporations) in a host country

48
Q

What structural economic change happened in Sri Lanka? (1980-2014)

Why?

A

Primary: halved, 46% to 29%
Secondary: doubled, 14% to 26%
Tertiary: increased, 40% to 45%

Global shift of manufacturing to EDCs/LIDCs from ACs (NIDL)

49
Q

What is GDP per capita?

A

The total value of all goods&services produced in a country over a year, per capita = per person

50
Q

Change in Sri Lanka’s GDP per capita since 1980

A

1980: $272.90
2000: $869
2009: $2000+
2016/2017: $4000+

51
Q

Which players brought about economic change in Sri Lanka?

A

Sri Lankan Government: Sahaspura redevelopment, Mahinda Chintana (gov. manifesto)
Asian Development Bank: National Highways Sector Project
Nestle (TNCs)

52
Q

Role of Sri Lankan Government in S.E.C. (Pros)

A

Ended civil war -> FDI more likely
Infrastructure improvements: Hambantota Port, modernising airports, reconstruction in NE
Vision 2025: growth of knowledge economy, attract tech-driven FDI
Mahinda Chintana (2005) manifesto - set out development plans (Aimed to create 3 million jobs & maintain economic growth of minimum 8%, eradication of poverty & universal secondary education) whilst fighting terrorism

53
Q

Limitations on Sri Lankan Government’s impact on S.E.C.

A

Cannot afford the cost of reconstruction on their own: government relies on foreign loans, such as from ADB, adding to the country’s debt

54
Q

Role of Nestle in S.E.C. (Pros)

A

Kurunegala factory established 1984, now producing over 90% of Nestle products in Sri Lanka
Directly employs 1200 people & positively impacts over 23,000 distributors, farmers, suppliers and their families
Paid Rs 6 billion (£28million) to local farmers in 2016
Coconut Plan: donated 10,000 coconut plantlets to 2000 farming families
Dairy Development Programme: 150 training programmes for 3000 dairy farmers, provided 150 farmers with milking equipment

55
Q

Limitations to Nestle’s impact on S.E.C.

A

Investment focussed around Kurunegala
TNC: wants to maximise own profits, most of which goes back to headquarters in Switzerland; can pull out at any time (e.g. if labour costs rise)
Number of jobs created far smaller than that planned by government

56
Q

Role of ADB in S.E.C in Sri Lanka (Pros)

A

Partnership with S.L. began 1986
Provides foreign loans, focussing on rural development: funded training of 30000+ teachers, up to 2m households given better access to safe drinking water, electrification of 200,000 houses
National Highways Project: built/improved 630km+ roads/highways - farmers can transport&sell produce (Nelson Wickramasekara’s sales increased 30%)
Total $9.7 billion in loans, grants&technical assistance since 1986

57
Q

Limitations to ADB’s impact on S.E.C

A

Focus on rural development rather than whole country

Sri Lankan Gov have to repay loans with interest

58
Q

Positive impacts of Structural Economic Change in Sri Lanka

A

Life expectancy: 68 (1980) - 75 (2017)
Over 90% houses electrified & 87.3% have access to safe drinking water
Increased employment&equality for women
Increased tax payments so gov. can invest in healthcare & social welfare initiatives
Improved housing quality - Sahaspura
Improved infrastructure linking rural&urban areas - lower travel times helping trade

59
Q

Negative impacts of Structural Economic Change in Sri Lanka

A

Weakened culture & less people living in rural areas
Net migration: 1.64 per 1000 (1990s) to -4.71 per 1000 (today)
Younger people following style of foreign tourists & social status dimensions (eg caste) replaced by money (irrespective of traditional status)
Increased crime, prostitution & gambling
Increased population - more pollution, waste & strain on resources
Increased air pollution/waste from industrialisation

60
Q

Challenges still faced in Sri Lanka (after SEC)

A

Government not collecting enough revenue to pay for necessary investment (less spent on population)
Lower FDI than other EDCs - need to attract FDI and become global economy
Need to balance sustainability
More & better job opportunities needed
Easter Sunday 2019: suicide bombers killed 253&injured 500 at churches/top-end hotels; decrease in tourism
Debt: 78% of GDP (which is $87bn), estimated loan repayment 2019-2022 $21bn

61
Q

Define placemaking

A

A multifaceted approach to planning, designing and management of public spaces
It has people at the heart so placemaking purely for economic gain is impossible

62
Q

Players involved in placemaking

A

National & local governments, TNCs, planners, architects, local community groups

63
Q

Role of governments in placemaking

A

Promoting places of all scales to attract FDI/inward investment

64
Q

Role of planners and architects in placemaking

A

Planners: aim to create attractive business environments for investors
Architects: responsible for designing individual buildings/public spaces to enhance built environment to attract investment

65
Q

Define 24 hour city

A

Cities that ‘never sleep’, constant but differing activities throughout the day

  • More economic opportunities for businesses and residents
  • No perceptions of “unsafeness” at night - positive place image
66
Q

Role of community groups in placemaking

A

Give point of view of locals; help people feel safer&settled, less likely to leave and more positive perception; hold community events; fundraising

67
Q

Factors making a good place

A
  • Sociability: diverse, welcoming, interactive
  • Uses&activities: active, sustainable
  • Comfort&image: clean, safe, attractive
  • Access&linkages: proximity, connected, walkable
68
Q

Define rebranding

A

Construct a different place meaning to attract inward investment & a more prosperous future - involved reimaging and regeneration

69
Q

Define regeneration

A

Investment of capital and ideas into an area to reverse urban decline and create sustainable communities

70
Q

Define reimaging

A

Planned/managed change to alter view of an area held by outsides - involves improving crime, environmental quality and image

71
Q

What are the rebranding strategies?

A

Market led; top down; flagship development; legacy; events or themes; food; heritage; architecture

72
Q

Describe market-led rebranding

A

Private investors aiming to make a profit
Often involved gentrification: former low-income inner city housing districts in ACs invaded by higher income groups and refurbished
e.g. Notting Hill London

73
Q

Describe top down rebranding

A

Large scale authorities (local authorities, private investors, development agencies) making decisions to improve areas centrally
e.g. Salford Quays

74
Q

Describe flagship development rebranding

A

Prestigious developments aimed at attracting investors, showcasing economic development and prosperity of an area
e.g. Sports City Manchester

75
Q

Describe legacy rebranding

A

Investment and regeneration brought to a place after international sporting events
e.g. Olympics in London 2012

76
Q

Describe events/themes rebranding

A

Using major festivals as catalyst for cultural development and transformation of city
e.g. Hull (European Capital of Culture)

77
Q

Describe food rebranding

A

e.g. Padstow, Cornwall: food connoisseurs destination “a new destination on the foodie trail”; Rick Stein’s restaurant/cafe chain

78
Q

Describe heritage rebranding

A

Utilising history of area

e.g. Aspley - canal redevelopment and industrial heritage

79
Q

Describe architecture rebranding

A

Negative attitude towards 1960s high rise blocks vs positive attitude towards low density housing area with green space

80
Q

% of Sri Lanka’s population living in Colombo

A

30%

81
Q

% of Sri Lanka’s GDP Colombo is responsible for

A

40%

82
Q

% of Colombo’s population living in USS

A

50%

83
Q

Where are USS found in Colombo?

A

City centre on the floodplain (which had been left undeveloped due to flooding and marsh) as it was the only available land

84
Q

Why did Colombo need rebranding?

A

Traffic congestion/air pollution way above WHO standards
Poor quality housing& infrastructure, increased deprivation, disease and crime
City centre on Kelani River’s floodplain so regular serious floods
Poor image after 35 years of civil war
Shortage of land/lack of modern facilities
Rundown historic buildings
Poor waste management

85
Q

Key player improving Colombo’s physical environment (rebranding)

A

Metro Colombo Urban Development Project (MCUDP) - 4 local authorities joined together

  • Dredging canals, repairing banks to improve drainage capacity, repair of drains/culverts, installing wider bore drainage pipes
  • Dredged marshlands along Diyawanna River to create lakes to soak up/store large amounts during flooding
  • More green spaces: improved QoL & more attractive
86
Q

Key player improving Colombo’s Urban environment (rebranding)

A

National Gov & Colombo Municipal Council

  • Sahaspura: identified 70000&relocation of 68000 USS households 2011-2015
  • Upgrading historic buildings e.g Independence Square, Old Racecourse Ground, Town Hall: semi-derelict buildings now show rich colonial heritage so attract inward investment/tourism
87
Q

Key player in improving Colombo’s business environment

A

Chinese Business investors (Chinese Communications Construction Company)

  • Port City: flagship project reclaimed 250 hectares land from ocean to build “mini 24-hour city” with shopping malls, a marina, entertainment complexes (attracts tourism)
  • Cost $15 bn: debt for Sri Lankan Gov
  • May increase social inequality as aimed at attracting high end business & jobs for well educated
88
Q

People for rebranding of Colombo

A

Urban wealthy: more attractive area with more job opportunities
Tourists: nice new place to visit
Sri Lankan Gov: area attracting more inward investment & FDI, growing economy
Local authorities: better place image so more attractive to investment

89
Q

People against rebranding of Colombo

A

Urban poor: unaffordable property prices so families forced out of city, broken communities and little opportunities
Environmentalists: increased flooding & sand dredging, increased pollution from population increase

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