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Geography > ELSS Key Stats > Flashcards

ELSS Key Stats Flashcards

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1
Q

Main stores in global water system

A

Atmosphere, land, oceans

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2
Q

Open system

A

Has inputs and outputs of energy and matter

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3
Q

Closed system

A

Has inputs and outputs of energy but matter stays the same within

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4
Q

Percentage of water stored in oceans

A

97%

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5
Q

Percentage of water stored in cryosphere

A

2%

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6
Q

Percentage of water stored in groundwater

A

0.7%

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7
Q

Percentage of water stored in rivers and lakes

A

0.0101%

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8
Q

Percentage of water stored in soils

A

0.005%

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9
Q

Percentage of water stored in atmosphere

A

0.001%

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10
Q

Percentage of water stored in biosphere

A

0.00004%

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11
Q

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR)

A

10 degrees per km risen

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12
Q

Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR)

A

7 degrees per km risen

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13
Q

How does cloud formation occur?

A

1) Insolation heats ground 2) Convection causes warm parcel of air to rise because it is less dense and buoyant (atmospheric instability) 3) Rises at DALR 4) Reaches dew point - begins to condense 5) Latent heat is given off 6) Continues to rise at SALR 7) Rises until it is the same temperature as the surrounding air 8) Condensation stops and atmosphere is stable

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14
Q

Channel Precipitation

A

Rain falls directly into river - roughly 10% - input

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15
Q

Interception

A

Vegetation stops water reaching ground - process

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16
Q

Throughfall

A

Wet leaves shed excess water onto ground - process

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17
Q

Stemflow

A

Flow of intercepted water down the drunk/stem of a plant - process

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18
Q

Factors affecting interception loss

A

Interception storage capacity: dry plants retain more water so intercept more vs saturated plants lose more to stemflow and throughfall
Wind speed: higher wind = more evaporation = more interception loss
Vegetation type: larger surface area e.g. trees = more interception loss
Tree species: evergreen trees = leaves all year round & needle leaf structure = more interception loss

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19
Q

Interception loss

A

Intercepted water evaporation directly off plants back into atmosphere

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20
Q

Infiltration

A

Downward movement of water from ground surface into soil

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21
Q

Percolation

A

Movement of soil water into underlying permeable rock

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22
Q

Flows in/along ground

A

Overland flow (surface runoff) FASTEST - Throughflow (sideways flow through soil) - Groudnwater flow (sideways through permeable rock) SLOWEST

23
Q

Factors affecting soil flows

A

High infiltration capacity: larger pores (e.g. in Sandy soils) = less overland flow
Saturated soil: water cannot be absorbed = lower infiltration capacity = more overland flow
Arable land in winter: no plants = more raindrop impact = more infiltration = soil saturated more quickly
Coniferous trees: higher interception storage = more interception loss = less water reaches ground

24
Q

Permeability

A

The ease at which water can move through rock

25
Q

Porosity

A

How much open (pore) space there is in a rock

26
Q

River discharge

A

Volume of water passing a given point in a given time, measured in CUMECS

27
Q

Lag time

A

Time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

28
Q

Flashy hydrograph

A

Steep rising limb, short lag time, high peak discharge and steep recessional limb: low evaporation, high relief, heavy rainfall, impermeable rocks

29
Q

Low flat hydrograph

A

Gentle rising limb, long lag time, low peak discharge, gentle recessional limb: unsaturated soil, permeable rocks, gentle relief, lots of trees

30
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water from vegetation stomata via evaporation - responsible for 10% of atmospheric water OUTPUT

31
Q

Evaporation

A

Change of water from liquid into vapour via heating OUTPUT

32
Q

Factors affecting transpiration

A

Higher temperature = more transpiration
Higher wind speed = more water drawn from surface = more evapotranspiration
Less water in soil = less water in plants = less water for transpiration
Winter = less vegetation = less transpiration

33
Q

Sublimation

A

Snow/ice changing into water vapour without melting into water

34
Q

Runoff

A

Water discharged in surface streams

35
Q

Water surplus

A

More precipitation than evapotranspiration and streamflow = saturated soil = in winter months

36
Q

Water deficit

A

Less precipitation than evapotranspiration and streamflow = dry soil = in summer months

37
Q

Percentage of carbon stored in atmosphere

A

0.5%

38
Q

Percentage of carbon in oceans

A

26.5%

39
Q

Percentage of carbon in sedimentary rocks

A

68.6%

40
Q

Percentage of carbon in fossil fuels

A

2.7%

41
Q

Percentage of carbon in biomass

A

0.4%

42
Q

Percentage of carbon in soils

A

1%

43
Q

Size of terrestrial carbon stores (GT)

A

2100GT

44
Q

Sequestration

A

Process by which carbon is captured and stored - photosynthesis

45
Q

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

A

Amount of carbon sequestered by plants per m^2 per year

46
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide & water combined using chlorophyll to make oxygen and glucose

47
Q

Respiration

A

Opposite of photosynthesis - occurs in all plants and animals, soil organisms and phytoplankton

48
Q

Decomposition

A

Decomposers break down organic matter into carbon dioxide, water and nutrients which is released into soil pore spaces, which then diffuses into atmosphere

49
Q

Diffusion

A

Carbon dissolved into/out of surface waters of the ocean

50
Q

Factors affecting diffusion

A

Windier conditions = more turbulence =more carbon dioxide dissolved
Higher atmospheric carbon = more dissolved
Colder waters = more carbon dioxide dissolved

51
Q

Physical pump

A

Transports carbon through ocean via downwelling, deep water circulation, upwelling and diffusion

52
Q

Downwelling

A

Areas of colder (and so denser) water sink to ocean, taking dissolved carbon with it

53
Q

Upwelling

A

Areas of warmer water rise from deep ocean bringing carbon with it

Geography (3 decks)

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