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Geography > ELSS Key Figures > Flashcards

ELSS Key Figures Flashcards

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1
Q

How much run off speeds increase by (AT)

A

x27

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2
Q

Depth active layer increases

A

7 metres / 26 years

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3
Q

Annual average rain ARF

A

> 2000mm

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4
Q

Average Annual rain AT

A

137mm

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5
Q

Average temp. range ARF

A

2 degrees

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6
Q

Average temp. range AT

A

33 degrees

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7
Q

Average temp ARF

A

27.7 degrees

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8
Q

Average temp AT

A

-12 degrees

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9
Q

Amount of Amazon deforested

A

1/5 since 1970s

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10
Q

Warming rate of the Arctic

A

Twice global average, roughly 2.7 degrees since 70s

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11
Q

Amount of ARF now a source

A

20%

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12
Q

Amount of carbon stored in permafrost

A

1600GT

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13
Q

Helsinki Rules

A

1966 - “Equitable share” of drainage basin

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14
Q

Berlin Rules

A

2004 - “equitable share” as well as environmental protection and human rights to water

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15
Q

Zero tillage

A

No ploughing - reduces carbon lost via oxidation, reduces run off & overland flow by compacted soils

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16
Q

Mulching

A

Leaving old matter in soil - increased soil fertility = higher growth and yield - more organic matter in soil = more porous = better infiltration capacity = less flooding

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17
Q

Domestic ways to reduce water

A

More efficient appliances (eco settings on washers)

Limiting daily usage (turning tap off whilst brushing teeth)

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18
Q

Ways to conserve water in industry

A

Reusing recycled wastewater

19
Q

Ways to conserve water in agriculture

A

Drip irrigation
Reusing recycled waste water
Rainwater collecters

20
Q

Amount of water coming from groundwater - North

A

15%

21
Q

Amount of water coming from groundwater - South

A

72%

22
Q

Amount of water coming from groundwater- Israel

A

40%

23
Q

Amount of carbon in Peak District

A

20 million GT

24
Q

Equivalence to peat bog restoration (Peak)

A

Planting 15,000 broad leaved trees annually

25
Q

Amount of PD peat bog restored

A

23 km^2

26
Q

Area Ramsar covers

A

208 million hectares, almost size of Mexico

27
Q

How much Aral Sea shrank by

A

70% (surface area)

almost 80% volume

28
Q

Countries in Aral Sea Drainage Basin

A

Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan

29
Q

Global warming tipping point

A

2 degrees

30
Q

Amount suffering/could suffer water shortages

A

Currently 1 billion

Up to 2 billion by 2025

31
Q

Amount of freshwater used by agriculture

A

at least 90%

32
Q

Freshwater distribution

A

Less than 10% of countries possess 60% of worlds freshwater

33
Q

Amount of GGE coming from agriculture

A

up to one third of global emissions

34
Q

Methane released from paddy fields

A

50-100 million tonnes/year

35
Q

Methane released by intensive farming

A

100 million tonnes/year

36
Q

Remote sensing: OCO 3

A

NASA - determines atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations using spectrum

37
Q

Remote sensing:ICE SAT 2

A

American Space Agency - measures sea ice thickness using light particles sent in pulses

38
Q

Amount of sea ice lost since 1980s in far north

A

2/3 of its volume

39
Q

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

A

carbon dioxide captured from industry - compressed into liquid - transported via subsea platform to offshore platform (eg Goldeneye off Aberdeenshire Coast) - injected into storage in porous rock below impermeable cap rock

40
Q

Pros of CCS

A

Goldeneye: could capture 1 million tonnes carbon dioxide per year, provide clean electricity to over 500,000 homes; good UK potential; reduce power station emissions by 80-90%

41
Q

Cons of CCS

A

Expensive to research/install, controversial over burying and safety, should invest in renewables

42
Q

Changes in atmospheric carbon store

A 
1750 - just under 280ppm
1850 - 280ppm
1950s - 310ppm
2013 - exceeded 400ppm
• Increased 130ppm since 1970s, average temp increase 0.85 degrees since 1880s
43
Q

Anthropogenic carbon emissions

A

10 billion tonnes released annually
Fossil fuels = 3/4 of global energy consumption
1750-2012: 69% emissions from fossil fuels, 30% from land use - 44% stored in atmosphere, 30% in oceans, 26% land

Geography (3 decks)

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