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History > Squad Flashcards Chapter 13 - U.S. Industry Expands > Flashcards

Squad Flashcards Chapter 13 - U.S. Industry Expands

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1
Q

Railroads (inventions?)

A 
invention of steam locomotive;
Transcontinental Railroad (Pacific Railway Act of 1862);
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2
Q

George Westinghouse

A

car replacer - 1866;
air brakes - 1869;
signal system - 1882
- also alternating current and transformers

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3
Q

Granville Woods

A

telegraphony - voice and telegraph on one wire

synchronous multiplex railway telegraph

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4
Q

other inventions

A

time zones - 1883;

mass production/assembly line

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5
Q

Gustavus Swift

A

refrigerated train cars

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6
Q

Thomas Edison

A 
stock tickers
phonograph (record player)
light bulb
power stations
Edison General Electric Co.
Menlo Park, NJ - smart person invention party
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7
Q

Henry Bessemer

A

Bessemer process - burn impurities to make steel (guns originally)

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8
Q

William Kelly

A

Kentucky Iron Works - did he first make steel?

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9
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

Scottish immigrant - telegraph operator
Expands into other business and begins investing
Iron business (1864)
Shifts to steel in 1973 when Bessemer process happens
Bought mills during depression of 1890’s
“Gospel of Wealth” document - money is meant to help people
$350 million donations in life
Vertical consolidation

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10
Q

John Rockefeller

A 
Loaned money to a farmer at age 12
Math genius
Bookkeeper
Started business at 20
Oil industry - 1863
Standard Oil - 1870
Horizontal consolidation (and vertical) - 40 companies
Donated $400 million
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11
Q

Horizontal Consolidation

A

Buy all of one industry, e.g., buy all cloth companies if you make cloth

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12
Q

Vertical Consolidation

A

Lower price of production by buying entire production process of goods, e.g., all transport, production in factory, etc.

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13
Q

Trust

A

separate companies placed under a single Board of Trustees

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14
Q

Cartel

A

businesses who make the same product and agree to limit supply to keep prices up

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15
Q

Interstate Commerce Commission

A

regulation of railroad operations 1887

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16
Q

Sherman Antitrust Act

A

outlawed trusts that, in interstate commerce, operated in restraint of trade 1890

17
Q

Piecework

A

workers are paid by products made, not by time (a commission)

18
Q

Social Darwinism

A

society should not interfere with pursuit of success

19
Q

American Federation of Labor

A

Samuel Gompers - Skilled workers only;
legislation for working conditions;
politically not industry;
part of salary goes to strike fund;
promoted unions, mediated between management and workers;
closed shops - if you work in this factory, you have to join union

20
Q

Knights of Labor

A 
Terrence Powderly - 8 hour workday;
no labor Sunday;
abolish child labor;
equal pay;
safety codes;
industry not politically
21
Q

Railroad Strikes of 1877 (Depression of 1870)

A

Pay cuts and layoffs
B(altimore) and O(hio) rail workers strike
Pres. Hayes sends federal forces

22
Q

Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 (Chicago)

A

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Shorter work day - 10-8
Police needed - one killed
Larger crowd the next day - pipe bomb (anarchists?)
Knights viewed as radicals - end of Knights

23
Q

Homestead Strike of 1892 (1890 depression)

A

A.A. of Iron and Steel Workers v. Carnegie Steel company
Carnegie in Scotland, Frick in charge ->
20% wage cut
Pinkertons sent by Frick, stopped by rioters- 3 killed (shot while on barge)
State militia controls situation

24
Q

Pullman Strike of 1894 (depression of 1890)

A

Luxury rail cars
Reduced wages - no rent reduction in company town
Involved rail workers too - no trains with these cars
First national strike - ruined rail transport for days

25
Q

Objective one: inventors and inventions (list inventors that could be used on a potential essay)

A

Edison, Westinghouse, Swift, Woods, Bessemer, Kelly, Howe, Singer, Bissel;
also: Railroad info? mass production/assembly line?

26
Q

Objective two: changes in american business (i dont recommend the flashcard

A 
Industrial Revolution
Changes in how products are made
Hand made at home to machines in factory
Began in England
Embargo Act of 1807
Series of improvements
Expansion of transportation
Electric power
Production improvements
Shift in population - rural to urban
Elias Howe
Apprentice in a textile mill - Illness restricted working ability - Wife sewed
New idea - why sow by hand when a machine can do it - sewing machine
Isaac Singer
Different motion of needle - lost patent case for sewing machine
Textile Industry
Few opportunities for women until New England textile mills - make less $
Become majority of labor
Lowell Factory
MA - dormitories and stuff (Lowell girls)
Child Labor
27
Q

Objective three: labor conditions

A

low wages, high hours (12), 7 days a week, poor lighting, cheapskate company towns, unequal pay, poor ventilation, child labor, machines caused dangers (losing limb)

28
Q

Elias Howe

A

sewing machine

29
Q

Isaac Singer

A

new needle motion - vertical not horizontal

30
Q

Child Labor

A

As young as 6 - 10-14 hours/day - portion of adult pay
Orphans sometimes not paid
Corporal punishment - paddle whacking

31
Q

Objective four: conflicts, improve working conditions

A

4 strikes, 2 labor unions

32
Q

George Bissel

A

use oil as fuel, drilling process

History (4 decks)

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