Squad Flashcards Chapter 13 - U.S. Industry Expands

Question 1

Railroads (inventions?)

Answer 1

invention of steam locomotive;
Transcontinental Railroad (Pacific Railway Act of 1862);

Question 2

George Westinghouse

Answer 2

car replacer - 1866;
air brakes - 1869;
signal system - 1882
- also alternating current and transformers

Question 3

Granville Woods

Answer 3

telegraphony - voice and telegraph on one wire

synchronous multiplex railway telegraph

Question 4

other inventions

Answer 4

time zones - 1883;

mass production/assembly line

Question 5

Gustavus Swift

Answer 5

refrigerated train cars

Question 6

Thomas Edison

Answer 6

stock tickers
phonograph (record player)
light bulb
power stations
Edison General Electric Co.
Menlo Park, NJ - smart person invention party

Question 7

Henry Bessemer

Answer 7

Bessemer process - burn impurities to make steel (guns originally)

Question 8

William Kelly

Answer 8

Kentucky Iron Works - did he first make steel?

Question 9

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 9

Scottish immigrant - telegraph operator
Expands into other business and begins investing
Iron business (1864)
Shifts to steel in 1973 when Bessemer process happens
Bought mills during depression of 1890’s
“Gospel of Wealth” document - money is meant to help people
$350 million donations in life
Vertical consolidation

Question 10

John Rockefeller

Answer 10

Loaned money to a farmer at age 12
Math genius
Bookkeeper
Started business at 20
Oil industry - 1863
Standard Oil - 1870
Horizontal consolidation (and vertical) - 40 companies
Donated $400 million

Question 11

Horizontal Consolidation

Answer 11

Buy all of one industry, e.g., buy all cloth companies if you make cloth

Question 12

Vertical Consolidation

Answer 12

Lower price of production by buying entire production process of goods, e.g., all transport, production in factory, etc.

Question 13

Trust

Answer 13

separate companies placed under a single Board of Trustees

Question 14

Cartel

Answer 14

businesses who make the same product and agree to limit supply to keep prices up

Question 15

Interstate Commerce Commission

Answer 15

regulation of railroad operations 1887

Question 16

Sherman Antitrust Act

Answer 16

outlawed trusts that, in interstate commerce, operated in restraint of trade 1890

Question 17

Piecework

Answer 17

workers are paid by products made, not by time (a commission)

Question 18

Social Darwinism

Answer 18

society should not interfere with pursuit of success

Question 19

American Federation of Labor

Answer 19

Samuel Gompers - Skilled workers only;
legislation for working conditions;
politically not industry;
part of salary goes to strike fund;
promoted unions, mediated between management and workers;
closed shops - if you work in this factory, you have to join union

Question 20

Knights of Labor

Answer 20

Terrence Powderly - 8 hour workday;
no labor Sunday;
abolish child labor;
equal pay;
safety codes;
industry not politically

Question 21

Railroad Strikes of 1877 (Depression of 1870)

Answer 21

Pay cuts and layoffs
B(altimore) and O(hio) rail workers strike
Pres. Hayes sends federal forces

Question 22

Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 (Chicago)

Answer 22

McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Shorter work day - 10-8
Police needed - one killed
Larger crowd the next day - pipe bomb (anarchists?)
Knights viewed as radicals - end of Knights

Question 23

Homestead Strike of 1892 (1890 depression)

Answer 23

A.A. of Iron and Steel Workers v. Carnegie Steel company
Carnegie in Scotland, Frick in charge ->
20% wage cut
Pinkertons sent by Frick, stopped by rioters- 3 killed (shot while on barge)
State militia controls situation

Question 24

Pullman Strike of 1894 (depression of 1890)

Answer 24

Luxury rail cars
Reduced wages - no rent reduction in company town
Involved rail workers too - no trains with these cars
First national strike - ruined rail transport for days

Question 25

Objective one: inventors and inventions (list inventors that could be used on a potential essay)

Answer 25

Edison, Westinghouse, Swift, Woods, Bessemer, Kelly, Howe, Singer, Bissel; also: Railroad info? mass production/assembly line?

Question 26

Objective two: changes in american business (i dont recommend the flashcard

Answer 26

``` Industrial Revolution Changes in how products are made Hand made at home to machines in factory Began in England Embargo Act of 1807 Series of improvements Expansion of transportation Electric power Production improvements Shift in population - rural to urban Elias Howe Apprentice in a textile mill - Illness restricted working ability - Wife sewed New idea - why sow by hand when a machine can do it - sewing machine Isaac Singer Different motion of needle - lost patent case for sewing machine Textile Industry Few opportunities for women until New England textile mills - make less $ Become majority of labor Lowell Factory MA - dormitories and stuff (Lowell girls) Child Labor ```

Question 27

Objective three: labor conditions

Answer 27

low wages, high hours (12), 7 days a week, poor lighting, cheapskate company towns, unequal pay, poor ventilation, child labor, machines caused dangers (losing limb)

Question 28

Elias Howe

Answer 28

sewing machine

Question 29

Isaac Singer

Answer 29

new needle motion - vertical not horizontal

Question 30

Child Labor

Answer 30

As young as 6 - 10-14 hours/day - portion of adult pay Orphans sometimes not paid Corporal punishment - paddle whacking

Question 31

Objective four: conflicts, improve working conditions

Answer 31

4 strikes, 2 labor unions

Question 32

George Bissel

Answer 32

use oil as fuel, drilling process