Sports studies Paper 1 Flashcards
Deltoid function
Abduction of the shoulder (outward arm in jumping jacks)
Rotator cuffs function
Stabilising muscles of the shoulder which help to prevent dislocation and allows shoulder to rotate humerus around its own axis (throwing action in javelin)
Latissimus dorsi function
Shoulder adduction (butterfly stroke)
Quadriceps function
Extend the knee to straighten leg (kicking football)
Gastrocnemius function
Plantar flexion (pointing downwards) of the ankle (standing on tip-toes to guard a goal shoot in netball)
Tibalis anterior function
Dorsiflexion of the ankle (pointing ankle upwards) (Foot making contact with a football)
Isotonic concentric contraction
Muscle contracts and shortens (bicep during upwards motion of bicep curl)
Isotonic eccentric contraction
Muscle lengthens under tension (downwards motion during bicep curl (control to resist force of gravity)
Isometric contraction
Muscle produces tension but stays the same length (holding dumbbell in static position)
Antagonist muscle pairs
Bicep-tricep
Hamstrings-Quadriceps
Gastrocnemius-Tibalis anterior
Sporting example of antagonist muscle pairs
Football kick - hamstrings contract to flex/bend the knee (quadriceps lengthen to allow movement). During kicking, quadriceps contract to extend the knee (hamstrings lengthen to allow movement)
Ligament
How bones in a joint are held together
Cartilage
Bone to bone
Tendon
Muscle to bone
Flexion
Bending a joint
Aorta
largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle
Aorta
Largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle
Vena cava
Largest vein in the body. It carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.
Pulmonary artery
De-oxygenated blood from right atrium to lungs
Pulmonary artery
Deoxygenated blood from right atrium to lungs
Systolic value
Blood pressure while the heart is squeezing
Diastolic valve
Blood pressure while the heart is relaxing
Stroke volume
Blood pumped in single beat
Cardiac outpput
Stroke vol x heart rate (bpm)
Inhalation muscles
The diaphragm contracts and moves downwards. The intercostal muscles contract and move the ribs upwards and outwards. This increases the size of the chest and decreases the air pressure inside it which sucks air into the lungs.
When exercise begins, inspiration can be assisted by the pectoral muscles and the sternocleidomastoid which help to lift the ribs up and out even further.
Expiration muscles
The diaphragm relaxes and moves back to its domed shape. The intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards and downwards under their own weight. This decreases the size of the chest and increases the air pressure in the chest so air is forced out of the lungs.
During exercise, this passive process of relaxation becomes active as the abdominal muscles pull the ribs downwards and inwards even further.
Gaseous exchange
In the muscle there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide and in the bloodstream there is a high concentration of oxygen.
Oxygen diffuses from the bloodstream into the muscles and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the muscles.
Adpatations of alevioli
One cell thick membrane, rounded shape for increased surface area, semi-permeable membranes which allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through them.
Adaptations of alveoli
One cell thick membrane, rounded shape for increased surface area, semi-permeable membranes which allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through them.
Tidal volume
The amount of air breathed in with each normal breath. The average tidal volume is 0.5 litres (500 ml).
Anticipatory increase
When a person starts to think about taking part in exercise
EPOC
After taking part in exercise, a person continues to breathe more deeply and rapidly than when at rest to take in additional oxygen to repay this oxygen debt.
The oxygen is then used to:
Maintain higher than resting breathing rate/heart rate/ temperature
Break down and oxidise lactic acid
Gradually reduce body temperature
Remove excess carbon dioxide from the body
Cool down
Refuel - carbs + protein
Cold bath - helps prevent swelling/pain, pushes blood flow to deep tissue. When blood flow return it helps to flush out the lactic acid/impurities
Immediate effects of exercise
Increased BP/HR/cardiac output/SV/tidal volume/breathing rate (oxygen intake/carbon dioxide removal)/lactic acid production/temperature of muscles/pliability of muscles
Short term effects of exercise
DOMS (microscopic tears)/Lightheadedness/dehydration or low energy stores/fatigue/nausea
Long term effects of aerobic exercise
Increased SV, cardiac hypertrophy (left ventricle increases in size, meaning it is able to pump out more blood during each contraction which increases the stroke volume), increased max cardiac output, capilirastion at lungs/muscles, increase in number of red blood cells, increased functioning alveoli, increased strength of the respiratory muscles (intercostals and diaphragm), increased production of energy from the aerobic energy system
Long term effects of anaerobic exercise
Increased tolerance to lactic acid
Long term effects of resistance exercise
Muscle hypertrophy, increased strength of tendons/ligaments, increased bone density
Long term effects of resistance, stretching, interval
Increase in strength, increase in flexibility, increase in speed, increase in muscular endurance.
