Sports studies Paper 1

Question 1

Deltoid function

Answer 1

Abduction of the shoulder (outward arm in jumping jacks)

Question 2

Rotator cuffs function

Answer 2

Stabilising muscles of the shoulder which help to prevent dislocation and allows shoulder to rotate humerus around its own axis (throwing action in javelin)

Question 3

Latissimus dorsi function

Answer 3

Shoulder adduction (butterfly stroke)

Question 4

Quadriceps function

Answer 4

Extend the knee to straighten leg (kicking football)

Question 5

Gastrocnemius function

Answer 5

Plantar flexion (pointing downwards) of the ankle (standing on tip-toes to guard a goal shoot in netball)

Question 6

Tibalis anterior function

Answer 6

Dorsiflexion of the ankle (pointing ankle upwards) (Foot making contact with a football)

Question 7

Isotonic concentric contraction

Answer 7

Muscle contracts and shortens (bicep during upwards motion of bicep curl)

Question 8

Isotonic eccentric contraction

Answer 8

Muscle lengthens under tension (downwards motion during bicep curl (control to resist force of gravity)

Question 9

Isometric contraction

Answer 9

Muscle produces tension but stays the same length (holding dumbbell in static position)

Question 10

Antagonist muscle pairs

Answer 10

Bicep-tricep
Hamstrings-Quadriceps
Gastrocnemius-Tibalis anterior

Question 11

Sporting example of antagonist muscle pairs

Answer 11

Football kick - hamstrings contract to flex/bend the knee (quadriceps lengthen to allow movement). During kicking, quadriceps contract to extend the knee (hamstrings lengthen to allow movement)

Question 12

Ligament

Answer 12

How bones in a joint are held together

Question 13

Cartilage

Answer 13

Bone to bone

Question 14

Tendon

Answer 14

Muscle to bone

Question 15

Flexion

Answer 15

Bending a joint

Question 16

Aorta

Answer 16

largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle

Question 17

Aorta

Answer 17

Largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle

Question 18

Vena cava

Answer 18

Largest vein in the body. It carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart.

Question 19

Pulmonary artery

Answer 19

De-oxygenated blood from right atrium to lungs

Question 20

Pulmonary artery

Answer 20

Deoxygenated blood from right atrium to lungs

Question 21

Systolic value

Answer 21

Blood pressure while the heart is squeezing

Question 22

Diastolic valve

Answer 22

Blood pressure while the heart is relaxing

Question 23

Stroke volume

Answer 23

Blood pumped in single beat

Question 24

Cardiac outpput

Answer 24

Stroke vol x heart rate (bpm)

Question 25

Inhalation muscles

Answer 25

The diaphragm contracts and moves downwards. The intercostal muscles contract and move the ribs upwards and outwards. This increases the size of the chest and decreases the air pressure inside it which sucks air into the lungs.

When exercise begins, inspiration can be assisted by the pectoral muscles and the sternocleidomastoid which help to lift the ribs up and out even further.

Question 26

Expiration muscles

Answer 26

The diaphragm relaxes and moves back to its domed shape. The intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards and downwards under their own weight. This decreases the size of the chest and increases the air pressure in the chest so air is forced out of the lungs.

During exercise, this passive process of relaxation becomes active as the abdominal muscles pull the ribs downwards and inwards even further.

Question 27

Gaseous exchange

Answer 27

In the muscle there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide and in the bloodstream there is a high concentration of oxygen.

Oxygen diffuses from the bloodstream into the muscles and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the muscles.

Question 28

Adpatations of alevioli

Answer 28

One cell thick membrane, rounded shape for increased surface area, semi-permeable membranes which allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through them.

Question 29

Adaptations of alveoli

Answer 29

One cell thick membrane, rounded shape for increased surface area, semi-permeable membranes which allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through them.

Question 30

Tidal volume

Answer 30

The amount of air breathed in with each normal breath. The average tidal volume is 0.5 litres (500 ml).

Question 31

Anticipatory increase

Answer 31

When a person starts to think about taking part in exercise

Question 32

EPOC

Answer 32

After taking part in exercise, a person continues to breathe more deeply and rapidly than when at rest to take in additional oxygen to repay this oxygen debt.

The oxygen is then used to:

Maintain higher than resting breathing rate/heart rate/ temperature
Break down and oxidise lactic acid
Gradually reduce body temperature
Remove excess carbon dioxide from the body

Question 33

Cool down

Answer 33

Refuel - carbs + protein
Cold bath - helps prevent swelling/pain, pushes blood flow to deep tissue. When blood flow return it helps to flush out the lactic acid/impurities

Question 34

Immediate effects of exercise

Answer 34

Increased BP/HR/cardiac output/SV/tidal volume/breathing rate (oxygen intake/carbon dioxide removal)/lactic acid production/temperature of muscles/pliability of muscles

Question 35

Short term effects of exercise

Answer 35

DOMS (microscopic tears)/Lightheadedness/dehydration or low energy stores/fatigue/nausea

Question 36

Long term effects of aerobic exercise

Answer 36

Increased SV, cardiac hypertrophy (left ventricle increases in size, meaning it is able to pump out more blood during each contraction which increases the stroke volume), increased max cardiac output, capilirastion at lungs/muscles, increase in number of red blood cells, increased functioning alveoli, increased strength of the respiratory muscles (intercostals and diaphragm), increased production of energy from the aerobic energy system

Question 37

Long term effects of anaerobic exercise

Answer 37

Increased tolerance to lactic acid

Question 38

Long term effects of resistance exercise

Answer 38

Muscle hypertrophy, increased strength of tendons/ligaments, increased bone density

Question 39

Long term effects of resistance, stretching, interval

Answer 39

Increase in strength, increase in flexibility, increase in speed, increase in muscular endurance.