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Baldragon Academy Science Junior Phase > Sports Science > Flashcards

Sports Science Flashcards

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1
Q

State the formula used to calculate speed, distance or time.

A

d=vt

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2
Q

What unit is speed measured in?

A

metres per second, m/s

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3
Q

What unit is time measured in?

A

seconds, s

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4
Q

What unit is distance measured in?

A

metres, m

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5
Q

Explain how you could measure speed.

A
  • Mark a start line and a finish line.
  • Measure the distance between them with a metre stick.
  • Start a stop watch when the object crosses the start line.
  • Stop the stop watch when the object crosses the finish line.
  • Then use d=vt
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6
Q

What is a reaction time?

A

The time between a stimulus and a muscular response to it.

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7
Q

What happens in the body during a reaction time?

A
  • The eye sees something.
  • It sends a signal to the visual cortex in the brain.
  • The visual cortex sends a message to the motor cortex in the brain.
  • The motor cortex sends a signal through the spinal cord to the muscles telling them to contract.
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8
Q

Which race would reaction time have a greater impact on? Give a reason for your answer.

a) 100m sprint
b) 10,000m race.

A

The 100m sprint as the reaction time is a bigger proportion of the time for the whole race. (In a 10 000m race the reaction time is a tiny proprtion of the time for the whole race)

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9
Q

Suggest two places in sport where reaction time is important.

A

Goal keeper in football

Tennis player to reach ball

Table tennis to react to shots

To start any sprint race

Swimming race when you dive in

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10
Q

What unit are forces measured in?

A

Newtons

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11
Q

What device measures forces?

A

Newton Balance

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12
Q

What is a balanced force?

A

Equal forces acting in opposite directions

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13
Q

What are the two effects of a balanced force?

A

Object will remain stationary.

Object will continue to travel at a constant speed in a stright line.

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14
Q

If two forces act in the same direction how do you work out the resultant force?

A

Add them together to get the size of the force, then state the direction the force acts in.

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15
Q

What does an unbalanced force cause?

A

An acceleration in the direction of the unbalanced force.

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16
Q

If two forces act in the opposite direction how do you work out the resultant force?

A

Subtract them to get the size of the force, then state the direction the force acts in.

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17
Q

What is friction?

A

A force caused by two surfaces rubbing together.

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18
Q

What is air resistance?

A

This is caused by air rubbing on a surface.

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19
Q

What is water resistance?

A

This is caused by water rubbing on a surface.

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20
Q

What direction does friction act in?

A

Opposite to the direction of motion.

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21
Q

How can friction be increased?

A

Make the rubbing surfaces larger. Make the rubbing surfaces rougher. Push the rubbing surfaces harder together.

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22
Q

How can friction be decreased?

A

Make the rubbing surfaces smaller. Make the rubbing surfaces smoother. Push the rubbing surfaces together less. Lubrication/oiling Streamlining

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23
Q

What is meant by streamlining?

A

Changing the shape of an object to reduce air/water resistance/friction.

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24
Q

What would a streamlined object look like?

A

Smooth, low to the ground, have curves

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25
Q

Why are parachutes used in resistance training?

A

The parachute will increase air resistance, it makes you work harder and increase your stride.

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26
Q

State two place in sport that friction is deliberately increased.

A

Anywhere ‘grip’ is needed. - Surface is made rough to increase friction to maintain grip. (Golf club grips, goalkeeper gloves, basketball surface etc) - In braking to slow you down (bicycle brakes, parachute used in drag racing to slow you down etc)

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27
Q

State Newton’s 3rd law of motion.

A

For every action force there is an equal but opposite reaction force.

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28
Q

Explain how you swim using Newtons 3rd law.

A

Your body pushes the water backwards, the water pushes your body forwards.

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29
Q

What are the 4 swimming strokes?

A
  • Breast,
  • freestyle,
  • butterfly,
  • backstroke.
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30
Q

How can a swimmer reduce water resistance?

A

Wear a cap, shaving, tight fitting costumes.

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31
Q

Which would hit the ground first a ping pong ball or a golf ball?

A

Both hit the ground at the same time.

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32
Q

What causes all objects to accelerate towards the Earth?

A

Gravity

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33
Q

How can you effect the falling rate of an object?

A

Change the air resistance that acts on it.

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34
Q

What is a trajectory?

A

The curved path a thrown or kicked object takes.

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35
Q

What is a projectile?

A

Any object that is thrown or kicked.

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36
Q

What is the range of a projectile?

A

The horizontal distance travelled by a projectile.

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37
Q

What can effect the range of a projectile?

A
  • The force the object is fired at.
  • The angle the object is fired at.
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38
Q

What parts of the body does oxygen travel through to get into the body?

A

Nose/Mouth - trachea - bronchus - bronchioles - alveoli-bloodstream

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39
Q

Why are there rings of cartilage in the windpipe?

A

To hold the windpipe open.

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40
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when you breathe in?

A

It contracts and moves down

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41
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when you breathe out?

A

It relaxes and moves up

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42
Q

What is meant by breathing rate?

A

The number of breaths taken per minute.

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43
Q

What happens to your breathing rate as you exercise?

A

It increases.

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44
Q

After exercise your breathing rate will return to normal. If your breathing rate returns to normal quickly what does this mean?

A

The faster breathing rates return to normal the fitter the person.

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45
Q

What does a peak flow meter measure?

A

The maximum speed of air during an exhalation

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46
Q

What can a lung volume bag measure?

A
  • vital capacity
  • Tidal volume
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47
Q

What happens to blood pressure with exercise?

A

It increases

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48
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones meet

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49
Q

State two place to find a hinge joint.

A

Knee and elbow

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50
Q

State two places you find ball and socket joints.

A

Hip and shoulder.

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51
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Tough bundles of fibre that hold boes togther.

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52
Q

What does the synovial membrane do?

A

It makes synovial fluid.

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53
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

It is oily and acts as a lubricant to reduce friction.

54
Q

What is the capsule?

A

Surrounds the joint and keeps the synovial fluid in.

55
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Soft smooth substance which acts as a shock absorber.

56
Q

What do tendons do?

A

They attach muscles to bones.

57
Q

How do muscles move bones?

A

They contract.

58
Q

What are the names of the pair of muscles in the arm?

A

Biceps and triceps

59
Q

What are the names of the muscles in the leg?

A

Hamstring and quadriceps

60
Q

What causes muscle fatigue?

A

Repeated contraction of muscles.

61
Q

When does muscle fatigue occur?

A

Repeated exercises that require repeated contraction of teh same muscle.

62
Q

What are the groups that food exists in?

A
  • Carbohydrate
  • Protein
  • Fat
63
Q

Carbohydrates can be split into two groups. What are they?

A
  • Sugar
  • Starch
64
Q

Which foods release energy most quickly?

A

Sugars

65
Q

Which foods release energy most slowly?

A

Fats

66
Q

What does the body use protein for?

A

Growth and repair

67
Q

Which chemical can test for sugar?

A

Benedicts Solution

68
Q

What is the colour change in Benedicts Solution if sugar is present?

A

Blue to orange

69
Q

Which chemical can be used to test for starch?

A

Iodine

70
Q

What is the colour change in Iodine if starch is prwsent?

A

Brown to blue/black

71
Q

Which chemical can be used to test for protein?

A

Biuret’s Solution

72
Q

What is the colour change in Biurets Solution if protein is present?

A

Blue to lilac/purple

73
Q

What is meant by diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules/particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until evenly ditributed throughout.

74
Q

What is meant by osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration of water molecules to a low concentration of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane

75
Q

What are the gases in the air?

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, others

76
Q

What is the percentage of nitrogen in the air?

A

78%

77
Q

What is the percentage of oxygen in the air?

A

21%

78
Q

What is the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air?

A

0.03%

79
Q

Name the parts of the body involved in the reaction time.

A
  • eye
  • visual cortex
  • motor cortex
  • spinal cord
  • muscles
80
Q

An object is travelling at a constant speed. Describe the forces acting on the object.

A

Balanced Forces

81
Q

What is the unit for gravitational pull?

A

Newtons per kilogram

82
Q

What is the force caused by the gravitational pull acting on an object?

A

Weight

83
Q

What unit is weight measured in?

A

Newtons

84
Q

What unit is mass measured in?

A

kilograms, kg

85
Q

What do objects accelerate towards the ground?

A

They accelerate because of the gravitational pull acting on them

86
Q

What formula links weight, mass and gravitational pull?

A

W=mg

Weight = mass x gravitational pull

87
Q

Two objects of different masses but the same size are dropped from the same height. Which one will hit the ground first?

A

They both hit the ground at the same time.

88
Q

What factor can effect the falling rate of an object?

A

Air resistance

89
Q

Suggest two places that lubrication would be useful in sport.

A
  • Oiling a bicycle chain
  • Waxing skis
90
Q

Explain how lubrication reduces friction.

A

It makes the rubbing surfaces smoother.

91
Q

Name a sport where streamlining is used.

A
  • Swimming
  • Cycling
  • Speed skating
  • Skiing
  • Formula 1
92
Q

State two ways you can change the distance travelled by a projectile.

A
  • angle of launch
  • force / speed of launch
93
Q

Suggest a reason that a projectile may not travel as far as it could.

A
  • air resistance
  • crosswinds
  • wind direction
94
Q

Name a projectile in sport

A
  • Golf ball after it has been hit
  • A javelin being thrown
  • Rugby ball being kicked
  • Football being kicked
  • Arrow being fired from a bow
  • Shot putt being thrown
  • Discus being thrown
  • Volleyball being played
95
Q

Describe the mechanism for breathing in.

A

The rib cage moves up and out, the diaphragm contracts and moves down increasing the volume in the rib cage and air rushes in.

96
Q

Describe the mechanism for breathing out.

A

Ribcage moves down and in, diaphragm relaxes and moves up decreasing the volume in the ribcage and air is forced out.

97
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

An immovable joint

98
Q

State one place in the body that you would find a fibrous joint.

A

Skull

99
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Slightly moveable joints with pieces of cartilage between bones holding them together

100
Q

State one place in the body you could find a cartilaginous joint

A

Spine

101
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Synovial joints are freely moveable joints

102
Q

State one place in the body that you could find a synovial joint.

A
  • Shoulder
  • Hip
  • Knee
  • Elbow
103
Q

What is the test for oxygen?

A

Relights a glowing splint

104
Q

What is the test for hydrogen?

A

Burns with a squeaky pop

105
Q

What is the test for Carbon dioxide?

A

Turns lime water cloudy

106
Q

Which gas will relight a glowing splint?

A

Oxygen

107
Q

Which gas burns with a squeaky pop?

A

Hydrogen

108
Q

Which gas is tested for using lime water?

A

Carbon dioxide

109
Q

What specific molecule is involved in osmosis?

A

Water

110
Q

Why does diffusion occur in cells?

A

To allow substances to move through the cytoplasm to reach the area where they will be used in a biological process

111
Q

List the three states of matter in order of the fastest for diffusion to the slowest for diffusion.

A
  1. Gas
  2. Liquid
  3. Solid
112
Q

Name drugs used in doping in sport

A
  • EPO
  • Anabolic steroids
  • Beta-blockers
113
Q

Why do sports people dope with anabolic steroids?

A
  • they induce rapid muscle growth in a short time
  • Allow athletes to recover from high intensity training/events
114
Q

Why might a sports person dope with beta-blockers?

A
  • Calm the athlete down
115
Q

Why might a sports person dope with EPO?

A
  • Causes body to make more red blood cells
116
Q

Which sports suffer from EPO drug doping?

A

Endurance sports

117
Q

Which sports suffer from anabolic steroid doping?

A
  • Weighlifting
  • Sprinters

Cyclists

118
Q

Which sports might suffer from EPO doping?

A
  • Long distance runners
  • Long cycling races
  • Triathlons
119
Q

Name two body fluids that can be tested for drug doping.

A
  • Urine
  • Blood
120
Q

Why is EPO difficult to detect?

A

It is a naturally occuring compound in the blood.

121
Q

What are the two main forces on a formula 1 car?

A

Forward thrust from engines, backwards force caused by friction / air resistance.

122
Q

What are the two main forces on a sprinter?

A

Forward thrust from body, backwards force caused by friction / air resistance.

123
Q

What are the four forces acting on a swimmer?

A
  • Forward thrust from body
  • Backwards force caused by water resistance
  • Downwards force caused by weight
  • Upwards force called upthrust caused by water
124
Q

What are the two main forces acting on a skydiver / parachutist?

A
  • Downwards force caused by weight
  • Upwards force caused by air resistance
125
Q

What are the two main forces acting on a falling object?

A
  • Weight acting downwards
  • Air resistance acting upwards
126
Q

Explain how a Newton balance works.

A
  • There is a spring inside
  • Spring stretches a different amount depending on the force applied
  • There is a scale to read the value from.
127
Q

What is the percentage of Nitrogen in the air?

A

78%

128
Q

What is the percentage of oxygen in the air?

A

21%

129
Q

What is the percentage of Carbon dioxide in the air?

A

0.03%

130
Q

What is the percentage of other gases in the air?

A

0.97%

131
Q

Name the gases in the air.

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Others (Argon, hydrogen etc)

Baldragon Academy Science Junior Phase (4 decks)

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