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Baldragon Academy Science Junior Phase > Medical Science > Flashcards

Medical Science Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells?

A

Building blocks of living things

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2
Q

What three parts do an animal cell contain?

A
  1. Nucleus,
  2. Cell Membrane,
  3. Cytoplasm
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3
Q

What is the job of the nucleus?

A

Controls the cells activities and contains DNA

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4
Q

What is the job of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of chemical reactions.

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5
Q

What is the job of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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6
Q

Identify the parts of an animal cell that are shown.

A

See diagram below.

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7
Q

What are the three main parts of blood?

A
  1. Red Blood Cells,
  2. White Blood Cells,
  3. Plasma
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8
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen round the body

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9
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells fight disease.

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10
Q

What two ways can white blood cells fight disease?

A
  • Produce antibodies to kill microorganisms
  • Engulf and consume the microorganism
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11
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

It is the liquid part of blood

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12
Q

What is the job of the heart?

A

Pumps blood around the body

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13
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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14
Q

What are the names of the four chambers in the heart?

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Left Atrium
  3. Right Ventricle
  4. Left Ventricle
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15
Q

Which side of the body pumps blood to the lungs?

A

Right

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16
Q

Which side of the body pumps blood to the body?

A

Left

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17
Q

Why is blood pumped to the lungs?

A

To pick up oxygen

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18
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the heart?

A

To keep blood flowing in one direction

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19
Q

Identify the 4 chambers in the heart from the diagram.

A

See diagram below.

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20
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The joining together of a sperm and an ova

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21
Q

What is the male sex cell called?

A

Sperm

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22
Q

What is the female sex cell called?

A

Ova (plural) or Ovum (singular)

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23
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the oviduct

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24
Q

Where does the fertilised ovum implant itself?

A

In the uterus

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25
Q

Where does the embryo grow?

A

In the uterus

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26
Q

How does the embryo receive food and oxygen?

A

Through the blood in the umbilical cord

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27
Q

Where is the food and oxygen from the mother’s blood passed into the embryo’s blood?

A

Placenta

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28
Q

What harmful substances can be passed to the embryo?

A
  • alcohol
  • nicotine
  • illegal drugs
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29
Q

What does the amniotic fluid do?

A

Protects the embryo in the uterus

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30
Q

Can we hear ultrasound?

A

No

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31
Q

What is meant by ultrasound?

A

Frequencies above 20,000Hz

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32
Q

What can ultrasound be used for?

A

To create an image of an unborn baby

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33
Q

Why are ultrasound scans carried out on unborn babies?

A

To check if the embryo is developing properly

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34
Q

What can ultrasound be used for, other than ultrasound scans on unborn babies?

A
  • Treating Kidney Stones
  • Imaging organs
  • treating joint pain
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35
Q

How is an ultrasound image produced?

A

Transducer transmits and receives ultrasound. Ultrasound transmitted into mothers body Ultrasound reflects from baby Reflection data fed into a computer that builds up the image

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36
Q

Where is the skull?

A

The bone in your head

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37
Q

Where is the clavicle?

A

The collar bone

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38
Q

Where is the humerus?

A

Large bone in upper arm

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39
Q

Where is the radius?

A

Turn hand so that thumb is furthest away from body. Radius is the outermost bone of the lower arm.

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40
Q

Where is the ulna?

A

Turn hand so that thumb is furthest away from body. Ulna is the innermost bone of the lower arm.

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41
Q

Where are the ribs?

A

Trunk of body

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42
Q

Where is the femur?

A

Thigh Bone

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43
Q

Where is the patella?

A

It is the kneecap

44
Q

Where is the tibia?

A

Thick bone in lower part of leg.

45
Q

Where is the fibula?

A

Thin bone in lower part of leg

46
Q

Can you see an X-ray?

A

No

47
Q

What can be used to detect X-rays?

A

Photographic film

48
Q

What can X-rays make images of?

A
  • Bones,
  • organs,
  • tumours
49
Q

Why do bones appear white on an X-ray?

A

The bone absorbs the X-ray so the photographic film is not exposed. The rest of the film fogs.

50
Q

Why do we not use X-rays to make images of unborn babies?

A

X-rays can damage the developing embryo

51
Q

How can we detect a broken bone on an X-ray?

A

X-rays can pass through the gaps in the broken bones, so they show up as a dark line on the white unexposed area of the bone.

52
Q

Give an advantage of using X-rays for diagnosis?

A

No need to cut the person open to see what is happening.

53
Q

Can you see infrared radiation?

A

No

54
Q

What can you use to detect infrared?

A
  • Special film,
  • infrared thermometers,
  • special cameras
55
Q

What other word can be used for infrared?

A

heat

56
Q

What is a thermogram?

A

An image made using the heat given off by a body.

57
Q

Suggest two conditions where heat or a thermogram can be useful.

A

Thermograms can be used to:

  • Identify circulation problems,
  • Identify whiplash,
  • Identify arthritis,
  • Identify skin cancer
  • Infrared can be used to treat muscle strain.
58
Q

State one advantage of using infrared radiation in medicine.

A

Do not need to cut the person open to make a diagnosis.

59
Q

Can we see UV light?

A

No

60
Q

What effect can UV have on certain chemicals?

A

It can make them glow or fluoresce

61
Q

Where can UV light making things fluoresce be used?

A

Security markings on driving licenses or bank cards Security ink to write on belongings Washing powders Security markings on bank notes

62
Q

What can over exposure to UV cause?

A
  • Sunburn
  • Skin cancer
  • Damage to eyes
  • Skin aging
63
Q

Why will skiing or beach holidays increase your UV exposure?

A

Snow and water reflect UV light increasing your exposure

64
Q

Name two conditions that can be improved by exposure to UV light?

A
  • Psoriasis
  • Vitiligo
  • Eczema
  • Acne
65
Q

How can you reduce your exposure to UV light?

A
  • Wear sun cream
  • Wear a hat
  • Cover up
  • Avoid the midday sun
66
Q

Why is UV light essential to the body?

A

Helps in production of vitamin D

67
Q

State one problem associated with Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets

68
Q

In digestion what do enzymes do?

A

Break down food chemically

69
Q

What is meant by digestion?

A

It is the breaking down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.

70
Q

What are the parts of the digestive system in order?

A
  1. Mouth,
  2. Gullet,
  3. Stomach,
  4. Small intestine,
  5. Large intestine,
  6. Rectum,
  7. Anus
71
Q

What does the stomach contain?

A

Acid

72
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

Food is completely broken down and passes into the bloodstream

73
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Excess water is absorbed

74
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

Waste is stored here until it is ready to pass out of the body.

75
Q

On the diagram where is the gullet?

A

Shown on diagram

76
Q

On the diagram where is the stomach?

A

Shown on diagram

77
Q

On the diagram where is the large intestine?

A

Shown on diagram

78
Q

On the diagram where is the small intestine?

A

Shown on diagram

79
Q

On the diagram where is the rectum?

A

Shown on diagram

80
Q

What are the four types of teeth?

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Canines
  3. Premolars
  4. Molars
81
Q

What are incisors for?

A

Biting

82
Q

What are canines for?

A

Tearing

83
Q

What are premolars for?

A

Grinding and chewing

84
Q

What are molars for?

A

Grinding and chewing

85
Q

What are the two parts of the tooth?

A
  1. Crown
  2. Root
86
Q

What is the hard substance that covers a tooth called?

A

Enamel

87
Q

What is the soft substance under the enamel in a tooth called?

A

Dentine

88
Q

What is the purpose of teeth?

A

To break down food mechanically

89
Q

How can plaque damage teeth?

A

It contains bacteria that produces acid that can lead to tooth decay.

90
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

It when an acid or alkali is added to a substance to bring it to pH 7

91
Q

What pH are acids?

A

pH 1-6

92
Q

What pH are alkalis?

A

pH 8-14

93
Q

What pH is neutral?

A

pH 7

94
Q

What colour does universal indicator go in an acid?

A

Red

95
Q

What colour does universal indicator go in an alkali?

A

Blue/Purple

96
Q

What colour does universal indicator go in a neutral substance?

A

Green

97
Q

What is the pH of the strongest acid?

A

pH 1

98
Q

What is the pH of the weakest acid?

A

pH 6

99
Q

What is the pH of the strongest alkali?

A

pH 14

100
Q

What is the pH of the weakest alkali?

A

pH 8

101
Q

What causes heartburn and indigestion?

A

Excess stomach acid

102
Q

What can cure indigestion and heartburn?

A
  • Indigestion tablets
  • Rennies
103
Q

What can excess stomach acid cause?

A
  • Heartburn
  • Indigestion
104
Q

How do indigestion tablets work?

A

They neutralise excess acid in the stomach

105
Q

Why do we use toothpaste?

A

It is an alkali to neutralise plaque acid

106
Q

What do toothpastes contain to neutralise acid?

A

sodium carbonate

107
Q

What is the function of the skeleton?

A
  • Protects vital organs
  • Supports the body

Baldragon Academy Science Junior Phase (4 decks)

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