Medical Science Flashcards
What are cells?
Building blocks of living things
What three parts do an animal cell contain?
- Nucleus,
- Cell Membrane,
- Cytoplasm
What is the job of the nucleus?
Controls the cells activities and contains DNA
What is the job of the cytoplasm?
Site of chemical reactions.
What is the job of the cell membrane?
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Identify the parts of an animal cell that are shown.
See diagram below.
What are the three main parts of blood?
- Red Blood Cells,
- White Blood Cells,
- Plasma
What is the function of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen round the body
What is the function of white blood cells?
White blood cells fight disease.
What two ways can white blood cells fight disease?
- Produce antibodies to kill microorganisms
- Engulf and consume the microorganism
What is the function of plasma?
It is the liquid part of blood
What is the job of the heart?
Pumps blood around the body
How many chambers does the heart have?
4
What are the names of the four chambers in the heart?
- Right Atrium
- Left Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Left Ventricle
Which side of the body pumps blood to the lungs?
Right
Which side of the body pumps blood to the body?
Left
Why is blood pumped to the lungs?
To pick up oxygen
What is the purpose of valves in the heart?
To keep blood flowing in one direction
Identify the 4 chambers in the heart from the diagram.
See diagram below.
What is fertilisation?
The joining together of a sperm and an ova
What is the male sex cell called?
Sperm
What is the female sex cell called?
Ova (plural) or Ovum (singular)
Where does fertilisation occur?
In the oviduct
Where does the fertilised ovum implant itself?
In the uterus
Where does the embryo grow?
In the uterus
How does the embryo receive food and oxygen?
Through the blood in the umbilical cord
Where is the food and oxygen from the mother’s blood passed into the embryo’s blood?
Placenta
What harmful substances can be passed to the embryo?
- alcohol
- nicotine
- illegal drugs
What does the amniotic fluid do?
Protects the embryo in the uterus
Can we hear ultrasound?
No
What is meant by ultrasound?
Frequencies above 20,000Hz
What can ultrasound be used for?
To create an image of an unborn baby
Why are ultrasound scans carried out on unborn babies?
To check if the embryo is developing properly
What can ultrasound be used for, other than ultrasound scans on unborn babies?
- Treating Kidney Stones
- Imaging organs
- treating joint pain
How is an ultrasound image produced?
Transducer transmits and receives ultrasound. Ultrasound transmitted into mothers body Ultrasound reflects from baby Reflection data fed into a computer that builds up the image
Where is the skull?
The bone in your head
Where is the clavicle?
The collar bone
Where is the humerus?
Large bone in upper arm
Where is the radius?
Turn hand so that thumb is furthest away from body. Radius is the outermost bone of the lower arm.
Where is the ulna?
Turn hand so that thumb is furthest away from body. Ulna is the innermost bone of the lower arm.
Where are the ribs?
Trunk of body
Where is the femur?
Thigh Bone
Where is the patella?
It is the kneecap
Where is the tibia?
Thick bone in lower part of leg.
Where is the fibula?
Thin bone in lower part of leg
Can you see an X-ray?
No
What can be used to detect X-rays?
Photographic film
What can X-rays make images of?
- Bones,
- organs,
- tumours
Why do bones appear white on an X-ray?
The bone absorbs the X-ray so the photographic film is not exposed. The rest of the film fogs.
Why do we not use X-rays to make images of unborn babies?
X-rays can damage the developing embryo
How can we detect a broken bone on an X-ray?
X-rays can pass through the gaps in the broken bones, so they show up as a dark line on the white unexposed area of the bone.
Give an advantage of using X-rays for diagnosis?
No need to cut the person open to see what is happening.
Can you see infrared radiation?
No
What can you use to detect infrared?
- Special film,
- infrared thermometers,
- special cameras
What other word can be used for infrared?
heat
What is a thermogram?
An image made using the heat given off by a body.
Suggest two conditions where heat or a thermogram can be useful.
Thermograms can be used to:
- Identify circulation problems,
- Identify whiplash,
- Identify arthritis,
- Identify skin cancer
- Infrared can be used to treat muscle strain.
State one advantage of using infrared radiation in medicine.
Do not need to cut the person open to make a diagnosis.
Can we see UV light?
No
What effect can UV have on certain chemicals?
It can make them glow or fluoresce
Where can UV light making things fluoresce be used?
Security markings on driving licenses or bank cards Security ink to write on belongings Washing powders Security markings on bank notes
What can over exposure to UV cause?
- Sunburn
- Skin cancer
- Damage to eyes
- Skin aging
Why will skiing or beach holidays increase your UV exposure?
Snow and water reflect UV light increasing your exposure
Name two conditions that can be improved by exposure to UV light?
- Psoriasis
- Vitiligo
- Eczema
- Acne
How can you reduce your exposure to UV light?
- Wear sun cream
- Wear a hat
- Cover up
- Avoid the midday sun
Why is UV light essential to the body?
Helps in production of vitamin D
State one problem associated with Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets
In digestion what do enzymes do?
Break down food chemically
What is meant by digestion?
It is the breaking down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.
What are the parts of the digestive system in order?
- Mouth,
- Gullet,
- Stomach,
- Small intestine,
- Large intestine,
- Rectum,
- Anus
What does the stomach contain?
Acid
What happens in the small intestine?
Food is completely broken down and passes into the bloodstream
What happens in the large intestine?
Excess water is absorbed
What happens in the rectum?
Waste is stored here until it is ready to pass out of the body.
On the diagram where is the gullet?
Shown on diagram
On the diagram where is the stomach?
Shown on diagram
On the diagram where is the large intestine?
Shown on diagram
On the diagram where is the small intestine?
Shown on diagram
On the diagram where is the rectum?
Shown on diagram
What are the four types of teeth?
- Incisors
- Canines
- Premolars
- Molars
What are incisors for?
Biting
What are canines for?
Tearing
What are premolars for?
Grinding and chewing
What are molars for?
Grinding and chewing
What are the two parts of the tooth?
- Crown
- Root
What is the hard substance that covers a tooth called?
Enamel
What is the soft substance under the enamel in a tooth called?
Dentine
What is the purpose of teeth?
To break down food mechanically
How can plaque damage teeth?
It contains bacteria that produces acid that can lead to tooth decay.
What is neutralisation?
It when an acid or alkali is added to a substance to bring it to pH 7
What pH are acids?
pH 1-6
What pH are alkalis?
pH 8-14
What pH is neutral?
pH 7
What colour does universal indicator go in an acid?
Red
What colour does universal indicator go in an alkali?
Blue/Purple
What colour does universal indicator go in a neutral substance?
Green
What is the pH of the strongest acid?
pH 1
What is the pH of the weakest acid?
pH 6
What is the pH of the strongest alkali?
pH 14
What is the pH of the weakest alkali?
pH 8
What causes heartburn and indigestion?
Excess stomach acid
What can cure indigestion and heartburn?
- Indigestion tablets
- Rennies
What can excess stomach acid cause?
- Heartburn
- Indigestion
How do indigestion tablets work?
They neutralise excess acid in the stomach
Why do we use toothpaste?
It is an alkali to neutralise plaque acid
What do toothpastes contain to neutralise acid?
sodium carbonate
What is the function of the skeleton?
- Protects vital organs
- Supports the body
