Science of the Environment Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
Which method could be used to separate a mixture of sand and water?
A
Filtration
2
Q
Describe the properties of a solid.
A
- Have a fixed shape
- Cannot be compressed
- Have a fixed Volume
3
Q
What is the job of the vacuole?
A
Contains a cell sap
4
Q
What is the greenhouse effect?
A
When the Earth’s atmosphere traps heat energy from the Sun, raising the temperature of the Earth.
5
Q
Explain how oil was formed
A
- Millions of years ago small animals and plants died and fell to the bottom of the sea.
- Their remains were covered by mud. The mud eventually turned to rock. This rock put a lot of pressure on the dead animals and plants. Rocks around them also heated them up.
- Together the heat and the pressure turned the remains into crude oil.
- It was important that no air or oxygen was present.
6
Q
Name 3 fossil fuels
A
- Coal
- Oil
- Gas
- Peat
7
Q
What is it called when a liquid becomes a solid?
A
Freezing
8
Q
Describe the properties of a gas.
A
- Spread to fill the volume of the container
- Take the shape of the container
- Can be compressed
9
Q
What is the name of the black powder that was mixed with copper carbonate to make copper in an experiment?
A
Carbon
10
Q
What is the job of the chloroplasts?
A
Contains chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis
11
Q
Name three factors that can effect the rate of photosynthesis.
A
- Carbon dioxide concentration
- Light Intensity
- Temperature
12
Q
State two effects of Global warming on the natural environment
A
- Loss of habitat e.g. ice caps melting polar bears losing places to live
- Desertification - increasing deserts
- Acidification of sea water
- Increasing water temperature effecting sea life
13
Q
What was the name of the stain used on the onion slide?
A
Iodine
14
Q
Which part of a cell is indicated?
A
Nucleus
15
Q
How would you describe the particles in a solid?
A
In rows and columns
16
Q
Which part of a cell is the site of all chemical reactions?
A
Cytoplasm
17
Q
What causes Global Warming?
A
Increasing carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere
18
Q
Which part of a cell is indicated?
A
Nucleus
19
Q
·What is a habitat?
A
The area where a living thing normally lives or occurs
20
Q
Which part of a cell controls the functions of the cell.
A
Nucleus
21
Q
Which part of a cell is indicated?
A
Cell Membrane
22
Q
What does this image represent?
A
Molecules of an element
23
Q
What is it called when a gas becomes a liquid?
A
Condensation
24
Q
Which gas is produced as a result of photosynthesis?
A
Oxygen
25
What is the job of the nucleus?
Controls the functions of the cell.
26
Which part of a cell is indicated?
Cytoplasm
27
What is the job of the cytoplasm?
Site of chemical reactions
28
Name three things that plants can be used to provide.
* Medicines
* To make material for clothes
* Timber for Construction
* Food Dyes
* Fuel
29
How do plants provide energy for all organisms?
They turn light energy from the sun into sugar during photosynthesis.
30
What can filtration be used for?
To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
31
What does this image represent?
Mixture of atoms of elements
32
Which part of a cell is indicated?
Vacuole
33
Name three things that a seed needs to grow.
* Suitable temperature
* Water
* Oxygen
34
What is an element?
An element is the basic building block of matter. In an element all the atoms are identical and an element cannot be broken down further.
35
Why are coal and oil called non-rewable?
These resources are called non-renewable because they will one day run out and cannot be replaced
36
Which part of a seed is shown?
Food Store
37
Which part of a cell is indicated?
Chloroplasts
38
Which part of a plant cell gives the cell it's rigid shape?
Cell wall
39
Which gas is required for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide
40
What happens to some of the energy released by an organism during respiration?
It is converted into heat
41
·What is a food chain?
A diagram showing a set of energy links between plants and animals in a habitat.
42
What is the chemical name for the green powder used in an experiment to make copper?
Copper carbonate
43
Describe the properties of a liquid.
* Take the shape of the container they are in
* Cannot be compressed
* Fixed volume
44
Which method could be used to separate water and alcohol?
Distillation
45
What is it called when a liquid becomes a gas?
Evaporation
46
Which part of a cell is indicated?
Cell Wall
47
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Light Energy
Carbon dioxide + water → Glucose + Oxygen Chlorophyll
48
What is the name of the part of a leaf that opens and closes to let carbon dioxide in and oxygen and water vapour out of the leaf?
Stomata
49
What is the test for starch?
It turns iodine a blue/black colour
50
Which method of separation is this?
Distillation
51
In the experiment to make copper, how did you know if you had made copper?
A reddish brown substance was formed.
52
State **one** possible effect of the greenhouse effect on the UK.
* Raised sea levels could cause flooding in low lying areas
* UK will have a warmer climate resulting in possible changes to farming etc.
53
Which method of separation is this?
Filtration
54
Which part of a cell contains cell sap?
Vacuole
55
What is a herbivore?
An organism that only eats plants
56
What is a carnivore?
An organism that only eats meat
57
What is the area where a living thing normally lives or occurs called?
A habitat
58
What are the six parts of a plant cell?
1. Nucleus
2. Cell membrane
3. Cell wall
4. Cytoplasm
5. Chloroplasts
6. Vacuole
59
Why can't plants carry out photosynthesis at night?
It is dark so there is no light energy
60
The pH of soil is important. What are neutral soils on the pH scale and what colour would they be?
pH 7
Green
61
In a fertiliser what does the nitrogen do?
Makes plant protein.
62
In a fertiliser what does the phosphorus do?
Used to to make enzymes
63
What is the name given to the process by which green plants make food using light energy from the sun?
Photosynthesis
64
What is it called when a solid becomes a liquid?
Melting
65
What can evaporation be used for?
To separate a soluble solid and a liquid, leaving only the solid.
66
What is an ecosystem?
It is made up of living organisms and their physical environment.
67
Describe the motion of particles in a liquid.
Particles in a liquid can move over each other.
68
What is the periodic table?
All the elements in the universe, grouped together according to their characteristics.
69
Which method of separation is this?
Chromatography
70
Which method can be used to separate a solid substance froma liquid?
Evaporation
71
How would you describe the particles in a liquid?
Jumbled and able to move over each other.
72
What is an omnivore?
An animal that eats meat and plants
73
What is the job of the cell wall?
To give theplant cell it's rigid shape.
74
In a fertiliser what does the poatssium do?
Controls the rate of reactions such as photosynthesis.
75
What was a stain used to look at the cells in an onion?
To make it easier to see
76
State two ways that you can help reduce global warming.
* Switching off unused appliances and lights
* Using public transport
* Walking / cycling instead of using a car
* Insulating your house to reduce the heating required
77
Which method could be used to separate the colours of ink in a colouring in pen?
Chromatography
78
What is a solute?
The solid used to make a solution
79
State what is meant by a solvent.
The substance that dissolves the solute
80
The pH of soil is important. What are alkali soils on the pH scale and what colour would they be?
pH 8-14
Blues/Purples
81
What is the name given to copper ore?
Malachite
82
What can distillation be used for?
To separate liquids with different boiling points
83
What is the process by which cells release energy in living things.
Cellular respiration
84
What do the arrows in a food chain show?
The direction of energy flow
85
What is a diagram showing a set of energy links between plants and animals in a habitat.
A food chain
86
Which part of the cell contains chlorophyll to absorb light energy from the Sun for use in photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
87
What does this image represent?
Atoms of an element
88
State what is meant by a compound.
A compound is formed when 2 or more elements are chemically joined together
89
Which part of a cell controls what enters and exits the cell?
Cell Membrane
90
What can chromatography be used for?
To separate ink/paint colours
91
What does this image represent?
Mixture of molecules of compounds.
92
What is meant by soluble?
a solid that can dissolve
93
The pH of soil is important. What are acidic soils on the pH scale and what colour would they be?
pH 1-6
Red/Orange
94
What does this image represent?
Molecules of a compound
95
What is a solution?
A solid dissolved in a liquid
96
How would you describe the particles in a gas?
Spread out and able to move away from each other.
97
Explain how coal was formed.
* Coal formed approximately 300 million years ago from the remains of trees and other vegetation.
* These remains were trapped on the bottom of swamps, accumulating layer after layer and creating a dense material called peat.
* As this peat was buried more and more underground, the high temperatures and pressure transformed it into coal.
98
Suggest an example when you might want to control the rate of a reaction.
* Reducing the speed of rusting
* Increasing the rate of burning fuel
* Decreasing the rate that energy is released
* Increasing the speed of burning
99
What is made up of living organisms and their physical environment?
An ecosystem
100
What is meant by photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the name given to the process by which green plants make food using light energy from the sun.
101
What is the job of the cell membrane?
Controls what enters and exits the cell
102
State what is meant by a renewable energy source.
An energy source which will not run out or can be replenished within a human lifetime.
103
List 3 sources of renewable energy
* Geothermal
* Hydro-electric
* Solar
* Wind
104
State the energy change in a solar cell
Light energy to electrical energy
105
State the energy change in a generator
Kinetic energy to electrical energy
106
A turbine is usually connected to which other mechanical part to produce energy
Generator
107
In a wind turbine, which part is spun by the movement of the wind?
Turbine blades
108
Name the type of energy stored by the water in the dam of a hydro electric power station.
(Gravitational) Potential Energy
109
State the energy change in a hydro-electric power station as the water runs from the dam down to the power station.
Potential energy to kinetic energy
110
Name the part of the hydro-electric power station that is turned by the water.
Turbine
111
In a geothermal power station what is used to heat the water?
Hot rocks in the ground
112
State the energy change in the turbine of a geothermal power station.
Heat energy to kinetic energy
113
State 2 advantages of solar energy
* Do not produce greenhouse gases
* Low maintenance
* Source of energy is free do not need fuel
* Does not harm the environment
* Long Lifetime
114
State a disadvantage of solar cells
* Expensive to install
* Can take up large areas of ground
* Not always a reliable output - varying light levels
115
State 2 advantages of hydro-electric energy.
* Does not produce greenhouse gases
* No fuel or fuel supply issues
* Reliable energy output
* Flexible power output as it can be increased and decreased easily
116
State one disadvantage of hydro-electric energy.
* Expensive to build
* Lack of suitable locations to build new power stations
* Loss of land which is flooded / relocation of people who lived there
* Changes to water flow downstream can effect the ecosystem or farmers further downstream
* Droughts can affect operation
117
State two advantages of wind power.
* Do not produce greenhouse gases
* Low operational costs
* Source of energy is free do not need fuel - wind will never run out
* Can co-exist with other land uses
118
State one disadvantage of wind power
* Power output is not reliable
* Noise from rotor blades
* Light flicker from blades can affect people
* Considered to be ugly - people object to them in scenic areas
* Blades can kill bird life
* Expensive to construct
119
State two advantages of Geothermal Energy.
* Produces significantly less greenhouse gases than coal, oil or gas produced energy
* Reliable source of energy
* Occupy small amount of land
* Low maintenance costs
120
State one disadvantage of geothermal energy
* Expensive to build
* Can pollute and use up a lot of freshwater
* Limited locations near volcanic regions
121
Metals are all good at 6 things. List them.
* Good conductors of heat
* Good conductors of electricity
* Malleable
* Shiny
* Ductile
* Sonorous
122
Describe a malleable metal.
One capable of being extended or shaped by hammering or by pressure from rollers - a metal that is easy to shape.
123
Describe a ductile material.
A metal that is capable of being drawn out into wire or thread
124
Describe a sonorous material.
When the metal is struck it prduces a sound.
125
Group 1 metals are commonly known as this.
Alkali Metals
126
State what all Group 1 metals have in common.
They are very reactive.
127
State why alkali metals are stored under oil.
To prevent them reacting with air or water.
128
State the name given to Group 7 metals.
Halogens
129
Give three pieces of information about Group 7 metals.
* Unreactive
* Colourful
* As you go down the group the state changes from gas to solid
130
State the approximate number of elements on the periodic table.
120
131
State what is meant by the noble gases.
A group of unreactive gases.
132
State why elements are grouped on the periodic table.
They are grouped with elements of similar chemical properties.
133
Identify where the 'metal staircase' is on the periodic table.
See Image
134
State what the 'metal staircase' on the periodic table shows you.
All the elements to the left of the staircase are metals, all elements to the right of the staircase are non metals.
135
State 4 ways that a chemical reaction can be identified
* Colour change
* Precipitate formed (new substance)
* Gas released (fizzing and bubbling)
* Energy change (Change in temperature)
136
State what is meant by a solute.
A substance that is being dissolved.
137
State what is meant by a solution.
When a solute has dissolved in a solvent.
138
State what is meant by soluble.
A substace that will dissolve.
139
Describe how to make a saturated solution.
A soluble solute is added to a solvent until no more can dissolve.
140
State what is meant by a concentrated solution.
A solution with a large mass of solute in it.
141
State what is meant by a dilute solution.
A solution with a small mass of solute in it.
142
State the name given to a solution where there is a small mass of solute in it.
Dilute
143
State the name given to a solution where there is a large mass of solute in it.
Concentrated
144
Name 2 pollutants that can enter the water cycle.
* Plastics
* Wipes being flushed down toilet
* Cotton Buds
* Chemicals
* Oil poured down sinks
* Sanitary products being flushed
145
Name the process being described.
"When a solid gains energy, particles vibrates faster and forces of attraction between these molecules are broken"
Melting
146
Describe the process of melting in terms of particles.
When a solid gains energy, particles vibrates faster and forces of attraction between these molecules are broken
147
Name the process being described.
"When a liquid gains more energy, the particles can move faster and break further away from each other."
Evaporation.
148
Describe the process of evaporation in terms of particles.
When a liquid gains more energy, the particles can move faster and break further away from each other
149
Name the process being described.
"When a gas loses energy, the particles slow down and some forces of attraction begin to form."
Condensation
150
Describe the process of condensation in terms of particles.
When a gas loses energy, the particles slow down and some forces of attraction begin to form.
151
Name the process being described.
"When a liquid loses energy, the particles are slow enough to allow forces of attraction to form fully."
Freezing
152
Describe the process of freezing in terms of particles.
When a liquid loses energy, the particles are slow enough to allow forces of attraction to form fully.
153
Explain the water cycle.
1. Starts in the ocean, where the heat of the Sun evaporates sea water. Tiny droplets of water float in the air (Water vapour).
2. Water vapour rises into the sky, and as it cools it condenses back into liquid water to make clouds. The wind blows the clouds over land and they drop their water as rain, sleet or snow.
3. This falls on the land as water, which allows plants to grow and gives us drinking water.
4. Much of the water then flows into lakes and rivers, and is carried back to the ocean. Then the process begins again.
154
State the least reactive Group 1 metal.
Lithium
155
Where is lithium situated on the periodic table?
At the top of the Group 1 metals.
156
List the Group 1 metals in order of reactivity. Most reactive first.
* Potassium
* Sodium
* Lithium
157
State what is meant by an element.
An element is a substance that contains only one type of atom.
158
State what is meant by a mixture.
A mixture contains compounds and elements that are not chemically joined
159
Two elements are reacted to make a compound. How will the properties of the compound compare with those of the elements?
The properties of the compound will be different to the properties of the elements.
160
In a chemical word equation where are the reactants?
On the left hand side before the arrow.
161
In a chemical word equation where are the products?
On the right hand side after the arrow.
162
From the word equation identify the reactants.
Copper + Sulphur → Copper Sulphide
Copper and sulphur
163
From the word equation identify the product that would be made:
Sodium + Chlorine→
Sodium Chloride
164
Give an example of a pure substance
* diamond
* sulphur
* water
* tin
* sodium chloride
165
Give an example of a mixture
* Air
* Salt water
* Ruby
* Brass
166
Describe when you would use filtration.
To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
167
Give an everyday example of filtration
* To separate sand and water
* To separate coffe grinds from the liquid
168
Explain how filtration works.
Filter paper has tiny hole in it. Liquid can pass through but the larger particles of the solid get stuck in the filter paper.
169
Describe when you would use filtration.
To separate two liquids that have different boiling points.
170
Give an everyday example of distillation.
* Separating the parts of crude oil
* Separating water and methylated spirits
* Separating water and a dye
* To make spirits more alcoholic
171
Explain how distillation works.
The mixture is heated. One liquid boils before the other and evaporates. It rises and travels down a delivery tube, where it condenses back into a liquid and drips into a beaker.
172
Describe when you would use chromatography.
To separate different coloured inks, paints, dyes etc.
173
Give an everyday example of chromatography.
* Identifying inks in a pen
* Identifying the number of food colourings in a bottle
* To separate blood stains
174
Explain how chromatography works.
A dot of the substance being tested is put on a piece of chromatography paper. The end of teh chromatography paper is put in a beaker of water. The water is sucjed up the paper and when it reaches the dot the substances colours spread out as they move at different rates.
175
State what is meant by a pure substance.
A pure substance is an element or a compound that has no parts of another compound or element in it.
176
When iron corrodes what substance is produced?
Rust
177
State the two substances required for corrosion to occur.
1. Oxygen
2. Water
178
Suggest one way that the rate of corrosion can be increased.
Use salty water.
179
The barrier method is one way to prevent corrosion. What is meant by the 'barrier method'?
Coating the metal surface with a substance so that oxygen and water cannot reach it.
180
Suggest 2 ways of protecting iron using the barrier method.
* painting
* coating with plastic
* electroplating (coat with another metal)
* galvanising (coat with zinc)
181
State 3 ways of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction
1. Decrease the particle size
2. Increase the concentration
3. Increase the temperature
182
State what is meant by a catalyst.
A chemical that will speed up a reaction but is not used up in the process ad can be recovered.
183
Give one advantage of using a catalyst.
* Energy costs are reduced for the reaction
* Increased reaction speed
184
Describe what a catalytic convertor in a car does.
Converts harmful gases in the exhaust (carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) into less harmful gases (carbon dioxide and nitrogen).
185
State what is meant by an enzyme.
An enzyme is a biological catalyst.
186
Explain why fossil fuels are finite.
They took millions of years to form and humans are using them very quickly so there will be no time for them to regenerate.
187
State what is meant by combustion.
Burning
188
State what is meant by the term fuel.
A fuel is a substance that releases energy when it is burned.
189
List the products produced when fossil fuels are burned.
* Carbon dioxide (if there is complete combustion)
* Carbon monoxide (if there is incomplete combustion)
* Soot
190
Name the gases that contribute to acid rain.
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
191
State two effects of acid rain.
* Kill trees
* Damage metal structures
* Damage stone structures
* Cause leaching, which can kill fish.
192
What are the three parts of an animal cell?
* Cell membrane
* Nucleus
* Cytoplasm
193
Which three parts does a plant cell have but an animal cell doesn't?
* Chloroplasts
* Cell Wall
* Vacuole
194
What food do plants store?
Glucose as starch.
195
Name the chemical used to test for starch.
Iodine
196
Name the substance iodine tests for.
Starch
197
What is the colour change in iodine if starch is present?
Brown to blue / black
198
List 3 ways to reduce your carbon footprint.
* Walk/cycle instead of using a car
* Switch off unused appliances
* Recycle waste correctly
* Eat locally produced food
* Don't buy 'fast fashion' clothes
* Line dry clothes instead of tumble drying
* Insulate your home
* Switch to LED lighting
* Eat less meat
199
State 2 ways carbon dioxide can be removed from the environment.
* Planting / restoring forrests
* Planting cover crops when soil is bare
* Direct Air Capture
* Seawater Capture
* Enhanced Weathering
200
State one way that we use carbon dioxide
* electronics circuit board assembly to clean surfaces
* manufacture of semiconductor devices
* used to make urea , methanol, inorganic and organic carbonates, polyurethanes and sodium salicylate.
* Carbon dioxide is combined with epoxides to create plastics and polymers.
* It is used for water treatment;
* to keep food cool (as dry ice);
* Fire extinguishers
201
State one source of carbon dioxide
* decomposition,
* ocean release
* breathing
* cement production
* deforestation
* burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas.
* Transport
202
Explain how a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher works.
The carbon dioxide gas is heavier than the oxygen in the air. So the carbon dioxide displaces the oxygen from around the burning fuel. The fire is goes out because the oxygen needed to burn has been replaced by the carbon dioxide gas.
203
Name the group of elements highlighted on the periodic table.
Noble Gases
204
Name the group of elements highlighted on the periodic table.
Alkali Metals
205
Name the group of elements highlighted on the periodic table.
Halogens
206
Explain how natural gas was formed.
* Natural gas is a product of decomposed organic matter usually from ancient marine microorganisms, deposited over the past 550 million years.
* This organic matter mixed with mud, silt, and sand on the sea floor, gradually becoming buried over time.
* It is sealed off in an oxygen-free environment and exposed to increasing amounts of heat and pressure
* the organic matter underwent a thermal breakdown process that converted it into gas.
207
Name the product.
Copper + oxygen→
Copper Oxide
208
Name the product.
Magnesium + Oxygen→
Magnesium Oxide
209
Name the product.
Potassium + Chlorine→
Potassium Chloride
210
Name the product.
Sodium + Bromine →
Sodium Bromide
211
Why do we sample - for example using a quadrat?
To estimate numbers and type of plant in an area or to see how common or rare certain plants are.
212
State what is meant by an abiotic factor.
Abiotic factors are physical factors which affect the distribution of organisms
213
State one abiotic factor.
* temperature,
* pH,
* light intensity,
* moisture.
214
State what is meant by a biotic factor.
A biotic factor are ‘living’ factors which can affect the distribution of organisms.
215
State one biotic factor.
* predators,
* prey,
* disease.
