Sports Psychology Flashcards
What are skills
They are learnt actions, with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy
What is ability
It’s inherited, and also know as traits
What is the process of learning a skill
Learn basic movement
Develop skill
Advance skill development
What are skills usually placed on
A continua ( a line)
What is a continua
A range
What are the 4 continua
Basic to complex
Open skill to closed skill
Externally paced to internally paced
Gross to fine
What is an open skill
Unstable environment
Affected by people around you
What is a closed skill
Stable environment
Not Affected by other people
What is externally paced
The speed, pace or rate of the movement is controlled by external factors
What is self-paced
The start of the movement is controlled by the performer
What is a fine skill
Small, precise movements
What is a gross skill
Big movements of the body
Why do we set goals
To track process
Motivation
End target
Feel of achievement
What are the two types of goal
Performance goal
Outcome goal
What is a performance goal
Comparing themselves against what they have already done
What is an outcome goal
Used to judge an end result
Comparison with others
What is an example of an outcome goal
Winning the 100m race final
What is an example of a performance goal
100m runner having a better start than her last race
What type of goal should beginners stick to
Performance goals otherwise they could be demotivated
What does SMART stand for
Specific, measurable, accepted, realistic, time bound
What does the accepted part of a SMART target stand for
The performer and coach have to agree
What is information processing
Making decisions. It involves gathering data from the display and prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision
Name the order of a basic model of information
Input, decision making, output, feedback
How long are things held in our short term memory
30 seconds
What happens to your short term memory if your attention is diverted
The information being held is lost
What does the long term memory hold
Information that has been rehearsed and stored
What are the 4 types of guidance
Visual
Verbal
Manual
Mechanical
What is visual guidance
Being shown the movement
What is verbal guidance
Hearing instructions
What is manual guidance
Assistance with the movement
What is mechanical guidance
Use of objects/aids
What needs to be considered when choosing a type of guidance
The experience level of the performer
What kind of guidance do beginners need
Visual, manual/mechanical
What type of guidance do elites need
Fine tuning so verbal mostly, maybe manual/mechanical if an unexpected flaw occurs
What is feedback
Information that a performer receives either before, during or after a performance
What are the three types of feedback
Intrinsic/extrinsic
Positive/negative
Knowledge of results/performance
What is intrinsic feedback
How the performance felt, info from senses
What is extrinsic feedback
Information received by others
What is positive feedback
Extrinsic, what was correct about movement, helps motivate
What is negative feedback
Extrinsic, what was incorrect about movement, must include about correction of movement
What is knowledge of results
Focuses on how successful your outcome, data
What is knowledge of performance
Provides detail of how well you did despite results, quality
What does REPPIN stand for
(Beginner) Results Extrinsic Positive (Elite) Performance Intrinsic Negative
What is arousal
A physical and mental state of alertness varying from deep sleep to intense excitement
What does optimal arousal lead to
Improvements in learning and performance
What happens if you are under aroused
Difficult to focus
Inaccurate decision making
Boredom
What does over arousal lead to
Panic and anxiety
Attention narrows
Hyper vigilance
What type of arousal do extroverts perform best under
High
What type of arousal do introverts perform best under
Lower
How to control arousal levels
Deep breathing
Mental rehearsal
Positive self talk
What type of arousal do gross skills need
High
What type of arousal do fine skills need
Low
What type of arousal do beginners need
Lower
What type of arousal do elites need
High
What is direct aggression
When there is physical contact between performers and an aim of hurting the opponent to gain an advantage
Is direct aggression in the rules
Sometimes
What’s an example of an illegal direct aggression
Punching below the belt in boxing
What is indirect aggression
No physical contact and causes mental harm
Aimed at an object
What are some causes of aggression
Will to win
Retaliation
Anger
Define motivation
The drive to succeed or the desire to achieve something
Name an intrinsic motivation
Pride
What is intrinsic motivation driven by
The feeling it provides
Name an extrinsic motivation
Money or trophies
What is extrinsic motivation driven by
Tangible ( medal ) and intangible ( applause ) awards
Merits of being intrinsically motivated
Unselfish and the feeling of pride is very personal and can improve mental health
Merits of being extrinsically motivated
You know what you’re aiming for, a physical goal
What type of motivation is more powerful
Intrinsic
What is a downside of extrinsic motivation
Performers can become too reliant on rewards
Define social group
People who interact with one another share similar characteristics and have a sense of unity
What age affects participation
Participation lowers in older age
Define commercialisation
The process of managing or running something mainly for financial gain or buying and selling on a large scale
3 Example groups in sports of commercialisation
Sport, media and sponsors
What is the golden triangle
The relationship between spectators, businesses and sponsors, and media
What has sponsorship done to sport
Allowed it to progress
What is a disadvantage of sponsorship in sport
If sponsors teams do badly/behave badly it reflects on the sponsors in a negative light
Name 4 types of media
Newspaper, tv, radio and internet
Define media
The main way that people communicate collectively
Why is sport good for media?
It’s a cheap for of entertainment, good to watch sports have short bursts if maximum excitement eg football goal or 100m sprint
What is the best for of media
Television
What is an advantage of radio and newspapers
Can be detailed
What makes good TV?
Demonstration if high skills
Competitive
Reasonable time scale
Simple rules
Name some positives of media
Supporters are better informed
Develops role models
Encourages participation
Name some negatives of media
Changes to the rules and playing seasons
Attendance falls because people watch at home
Sports personalities lose privacy
Events sensationalised to promote media instead of the sport
What is a of commercialisation on participants
Sponsorship income can improve their skills (better equipment/coaching) and they will be under less stress financially
What are negatives about commercialisation on participants
There’s pressure to perform well in order to increase marketability, and a loss of time or privacy due to sponsorship commitments
Name some benefits of commercialisation on officials
Good pay, better coaching, can be a full time job and opportunity to travel
Name some benefits of commercialisation on spectators
Brings in high quality players, improves quality of event
Name some benefits of commercialisation on sponsors
Attracts large audiences and good publicity for their product
Name some benefits of commercialisation on sport
Increases sports income
Name some costs of commercialisation on officials
Lots of abuse
Name some costs of commercialisation on spectators
It messes with the time on tv
Name some costs of commercialisation on sponsors
If something bad was to happen in the sport, it reflects badly on them
Name some costs of commercialisation on sport
Relies on media and focuses on money making
Name 4 examples of technology in sport
Goal line technology, hawk eye, big screens and prosthetic limbs
Who and why is technology used
It’s used by performers, officials, coaches and supports and is used to improve performance
Why else is technology used
To improve spectator experience and to get more decisions correct
How is technology used in rehabilitation
Ice baths, oxygen tents and hyperbaric chambers
Name 6 PEDs
Stimulants, beta blockers, narcotic analgesics, blood doping, EPO and anabolic steroids
How is stimulants taken
Pill
How is beta blockers taken
Tablet
How is blood doping taken
Injection/transfusion
How is EPO taken
Injection
How is anabolic steroids taken
Pills/injection
What is the positive effect of stimulants
Speeds up parts of the body and increases alertness which in turn decreases reaction time. Used to deaden pain
What is the positive effect of beta blockers
Reduces side effects of adrenaline and improves fine motor control
What is the positive effect of narcotic analgesics
Masks pain from injury
What is the positive effect of blood doping
Increases number of red blood cells
What is the positive effect of EPO
Improves muscle growth and increases number of red blood cells
What is the positive effect of anabolic steroids
Increases rate and amount of muscle growth
Name a side effect of stimulants
Highly addictive and high blood pressure
Name a side effect of beta blockers
Nausea, tiredness and heart problems
Name a side effect of narcotic analgesics
Constipation and highly addictive
Name a side effect of blood doping
Risk of heart attacks and blood thickens
Name a side effect of EPO
Thickening of blood and risk of stroke
Name a side effect of anabolic steroids
High blood pressure, makes women become more manly with deeper voice, increases hair growth and smaller breasts
Why are diuretics taken
To remove excess water from the body and to dilute presence of other illegal substances
Do diuretics improve performance
No
What are some side effects of diuretics
Severe dehydration and muscle cramps
What is etiquette
Unwritten rules concerning behaviour
Give an example of etiquette
Shaking hands, accepting loss and congratulating
What is sportsmanship
Appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a sporting event
What is gamesmanship
The use of dubious methods that are not strictly illegal to gain an advantage
What is contract to compete
Agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win but also letting your opponent play
What is spectator behaviour
How the behaviour of the spectactors affects the plays
Define hooliganism
The disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events
What is home-field advantage
Gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings, with the majority of spectators supporting you
How is hooliganism combatted
Preventing alcohol consumption, all seater stadiums, segregation of fans and improvements in security
