Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PE > Sports psychology > Flashcards

Sports psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Arousal Definition

A

The state of alertness or readiness of an individual to perform a task. It varies on a continuum from deep sleep to extreme excitement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does somatic mean?

A

Physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 5 somatic symptoms of arousal?

A

Increase in adrenaline
Increase in HR and BR
Increase in muscle tension
Increase in Sweat
Need to urinate and nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does Cognitive mean?

A

Psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 5 cognitive symptoms of arousal?

A

Increase in concentration
Increased focus
Heightened awareness
Attentional narrowing
Decreased reaction time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 5 ways in which the sporting situation can increase arousal?

A

Level of competition
Prizes/rewards
Team trials - evaluation
Crowds watching
Not playing well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 3 ways can increased arousal improve performance?

A

Increases energy
Helps simple/gross skills
Helps a good (autonomous) performer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 2 ways can increased arousal hinder performance?

A

The ability to perform complex/fine skills
Beginner (cognitive) performer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Hulls Drive Theory?

A

Increased arousal causes increased drive which causes increased performance (for some performers) recognising a linear relationship between arousal and performance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the equation for Hulls Drive Theory?

A

P = f(D*H)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the equation for hulls drive theory mean?

A

Performance is a function of habit and drive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

As drive ( arousal ) ___________, there is a likelihood that the ___________ _________ occurs.

A

increases
dominant response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

HDT
What is the effect of arousal on a cognitive learner?

A

Increased arousal leads to the dominant response being incorrect, so making lots of mistakes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are three positive aspects of HDT?

A

1) Simple and easy to understand, clearly showing the relationship between arousal and performance.
2) Many performers and coaches believe that dominant response is indeed what happens when their arousal increases.
3) It is also accurate when related to types of skills as some require more arousal and therefore performance increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HDT
What is the effect of arousal on an autonomous learner?

A

Increased arousal leads to the dominant response being correct, so making very few mistakes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 3 negative aspects of HDT?

A

1) Doesn’t take into account the idea that performers may lose motivation and therefor be the reason of reduced performance.
2) Doesn’t take into account individual differences such as personality and skill type.
3) some skills/simple/gross skills are performed well at low arousal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the inverted U theory state?

A

Performance improves with arousal up to an optimal point where increased arousal after this point brings about a decrease in performance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some symptoms of under arousal?

A

Physiological: sluggish - little adrenaline - low HR
Cognitive: Lack of concentration/focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some symptoms of moderate arousal?

A

Optimal level of performance, good selective attention and concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some symptoms of over arousal?

A

Physiological: tension - shaking- Increase in HR
Cognitive: Lack of clear thinking/focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 3 positive aspects of Inverted U Theory?

A

1) Simple and easy to apply
2) Many performers refer to being at optimal arousal.
3) It recognises that the optimal levels can differ for different performers/ personalities/ skill level/ types of skill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 2 negative aspects of Inverted U Theory?

A

1) Doesn’t take into account the different effects of arousal on performance as it may not always be a gradual decline and instead could be drastic.
2) It does not always end in complete deterioration of the performance as some performers may have the skill and experience to recover.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what arousal level do complex and fine skills need?

A

Lower arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What arousal level do simple and gross skills need?

A

Higher arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does an extroverted personality get effected by arousal?

A

Extroverts enjoy high levels of excitement and can usually perform well in a high arousal situation because their RAS reduces incoming stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does an introverted personality get effected by arousal?

A

Introverts are more likely to perform well under low arousal conditions as their RAS enhances incoming stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the RAS?

A

The Reticular Activating system in the brain which controls and measures levels of adrenaline in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the catastrophe theory state?

A

Increased arousal causes peak performance at an optimal point and after this is reached a dramatic decline occurs = a catastrophe. This only occurs if the performer experiences high levels of somatic and state anxiety. However if a performer lowers arousal levels it can reuslt in performance improving again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are 3 positive aspects of the catastrophe theory?

A

1) It represents a realisticv picture of why the performers choke or why there is a significant drop in performance.
2) It takes into account the effects of both cognitive and somatic types of arousal on performace.
3) Takes into account that lowering levels of arousal can result in performance improving again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are 3 negative aspects of the catasrophe theory?

A

1) Not all performers will experience sudden drop in performance as some can cope and thrive on high levels of cognitive anxiety through the use of stress management techniques.
2) It is not true that optimum arousal has a mid-way point.
3) The theory doesnt take into account personality, level of performer and type of skill.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the Zone of Optimal Functioning (ZOF) state?

A

The zone of optimal functioning is the levels of performance that is near perfect with few errors, lots of energy and correct decision making. It is depicted by a zone rather than a point and can alter depending on type of skill, level of performance and personality. To achieve ZOF individuals must use mental practice, relaxation, visualisation and positive self talk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What can being in the ZOF lead to?

A

Peak flow experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is peak flow experience?

A

Where the timing of movements and actions appear to be perfect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Whata are 3 characteristics of Peak flow experience?

A

Subconcious feeling of self - control
Efforless movement
Successful completition of challenge

35
Q

What are 5 factors aftecting Peak flow experience?

A

Injury
Fatigue
Crowd hostility
Poor officials
Negative self talk

36
Q

What is 1 good aspect to the ZOF theory?

A

It is the most accepted explanation of the impact of arousal on performance and the most widely applied theory in this feild as it takes into account the individual rather than making generalisations.

37
Q

What is anxiety?

A

A negative emotional state caused because a situation is threatening, usually arising in sport as a result og the performers perception of the situation.

38
Q

What is somatic anxiety?

A

Physiological responses of performer when symptoms often reduce when the event has started.

39
Q

What are 3 examples of somatic anxiety?

A

Sweating
Pulse raising
Nausea

40
Q

What is cognitive anxiety?

A

Psychological responses and worries of performer/doubts in their ability to complete the task. usually experience a couple of days prior to the event.

41
Q

What are 3 examples of cognitive anxiety?

A

Worry
Fear of failure
Negative expectations

42
Q

What is Trait anxiety?

A

A trait within an individual which measures their potential to react with apprehesion.It is genetically inherited and stable.

43
Q

How does high trait anxiety affect a performer?

A

A performer easily becomes anxious, even about non-threatening situations.

44
Q

What is state anxiety?

A

State anxiety describes anxiety felt in a particular situation or time, made up of cognitive and somatic anxiety which is linked to mood and alters moment to moment.

45
Q

What is competitive state anxiety?

A

Anxiety levels when in a competitve sporting situation.

46
Q

What is competitive trait anxiety?

A

The tendency to see competitive situations as threatening and will respond with feeling of anxiety.

47
Q

How does somatic state anxiety affect performance?

A

An inverted u relationship occurs showing that there is an optimal level of anxiety which results in best performance.

48
Q

How does cogntive state anxiety affect performance?

A

A negative linear relationship occurs showing that the lower the effects of cognitive anxiety the better the performance.

49
Q

Pre competition period - Cognitive anxiety?

A

Increases from a week before performance

50
Q

Pre competition period - Somatic anxiety?

A

Tends to low in days before performance

51
Q

During competition - cognitive anxiety?

A

If started well, cognitive anxiety decreases
if started poorly, cognitive anxiety increases

52
Q

During competition - somatic anxiety?

A

Sharp increase just before the start and the sharp decrease once event has started.

53
Q

What is stress?

A

A pattern of negative physiological states amd physiological responsesoccuring when people percieve threats to their wellbeing.

54
Q

What are the two forms of stress?

A

Eustress
Distress

55
Q

What is Eustress?

A

positive, giving a feeling of fulfilment and arousal. It can increase focus, attention and skill level.

56
Q

What is Distress?

A

negative, causing anxiety and apprehesion. It tends to be detrimental to sporting performace.

57
Q

What does the term stressor mean?

A

Factors or situations that can cause stress. Their effects depend on how the individual percieves them in relation to their own ability and personality.

58
Q

What are 5 sport-specific stressors?

A

Competition - type or period of the game
Frustration - when prevented from reaching goal
Conflict - work commitment and sport commitment
Personal - individual trait anxiety level
physiological and climatic - placing body under strain

59
Q

what are the 3 steps which the general adaptaion syndrome - seyle describes?

A

Alarm reaction stage - “fight or flight” - sympathetic nervous system activates - ^HR, ^BP, ^blood sugar, ^adrenaline.
Resistance stage - if stress ocntinues the body will revert to normal levels. Homeostasis regained.
Collapse stage - adrenal cortex fails after continued stress - ulcers, CHD, high BP, Extreme cases = death

60
Q

What is the most optimal psychological state for most sports?

A

relaxed but focused concentration
alert, but free of muscle tension

61
Q

What are the three ways in which cognitive anxiety can be controlled?

A

Visualisation/mental rehearsal
Positive self talk
Goal setting

62
Q

What are the three ways in which somatic anxiety can be controlled?

A

Muscle relaxation
Centring/breathing control
Biofeedback

63
Q

What is visualisation?

A

Creating mental imagesof what you want to happen or feel.

64
Q

How can visualisation help reduce stress and anxiety?

A

It can create an escape from the immdiate effects of stress which can reduce feelings of anxiety.

65
Q

What is positive self talk?

A

Developing positive thoughts about ones actions, an experienced performer may also use cue words to trigger off potive thoughts.

66
Q

How can positive self talk help reduce stress and anxiety?

A

It replaces negative self talk which will lower anxiety.

67
Q

What is goal setting?

A

Developing smart goals to identify what yhe performer is trying to achieve at a specified time in the future.

68
Q

How can goal setting help reduce stress and anxiety?

A

It can direct attention to focused and controlled achievements which are achievable and therefore increases motivation lowering the chance of exhaustion.

69
Q

What is Muscle relaxation?

A

Learning to be aware of the tensipon present in muscles and removing it by relaxing. It is often combined with breathing control.

70
Q

What is centring?

A

Using deep breathing as a way to refoccus your attention

71
Q

what is biofeedback?

A

Measuring physiological respopnses e.g. hHR/breathing rate/sweat etc.
It can help performers recognise wha reduces the reponses.

72
Q

What is Eyesnecks trait theory of personality?

A

1955
Eyesneck said, personality is measured using the “Eyesnecks personality inventory” involving two dimensions - extroversion/introversion and stable/neurotic.

73
Q

Introverted/Extroverted (EPI)

A

Affected by Reticular Activating System:
Introverted - RAS enhances incoming stimuli, leading to over-arousal.
Extroverted - RAS reduces incomeing stimuli, leading to under-arousal.

74
Q

Stable/Neurotic (EPI)

A

Affected by Autonomous Nervous System:
Stable - ANS responds slowly to stressful situations
Neurotic - ANS resoinds rapidly and strongly to stressful situations.

75
Q

What is Cattells trait theory of personality?

A

1956
Cattell said, personality was measured using a self report questionnaire - “Cattells 16 personality factor Questionnnaire”

76
Q

What is the other name for the Type A and Type B theory?

A

Narrow band approach

77
Q

What is the Narrow band approach to personality?

A

Type A - Highly competive, Desire to succeed, Need to be in control, Prone to stress
Type B - Non competitive, Lacks desire to succeed, Does not enjoy control , Less prone to stress.

78
Q

What is Sheldons theory of personality?

A

Sheldon said, personality was categorised into three personalities based on physical make up. Personlaity is based on physical attributes and the relationship between build and behaviour.

79
Q

Endomorph (SHELDON)

A

Psychologically an endomorph is sociable, fun-loving, tolerant, even tempered, relaxed.

80
Q

Ectomorph (SHELDON)

A

Psychologically an ectomorph is self concious, introverted, inhibites, socially anxious, intense, thoughtful

81
Q

Mesomorph (SHELDON)

A

Psychologically a mesomorph is adventurous, courageous, assertive, competitive, risk taker, extroverted.

82
Q

What is banduras social learning theory?

A

Peoples personality is affected by those in the environement around them, mainly influenced by significant others and their actions/personalities.
6 Stages:
D - demonstration - observing
behavious of a significant other
A - attention - paying attention to behaviour of a significant other
R - retention - observing behaviour several times
R - motor reproduction - copying that behaviour
M - matching - initiating/copying that exact behaviour that was observed.

83
Q

What is the Lewin approach?

A

Personality and behaviour is adapted to the situation.
When situation is strong (important comp) - environment dictates behaviour
When situation is weak (traing regularly) - personality dictates behaviour.

84
Q

What is Hollanders model?

A

Hollander said, personality was a layered structure.
Psychological core - persons attitudes and values
Typical responses - usual way someone behaves generally representative of inner core
Role related behaviour - changeable, dependant on situation could be different to core.

PE (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions