Sports psychology Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Arousal Definition
A
The state of alertness or readiness of an individual to perform a task. It varies on a continuum from deep sleep to extreme excitement.
2
Q
What does somatic mean?
A
Physical
3
Q
What are 5 somatic symptoms of arousal?
A
Increase in adrenaline
Increase in HR and BR
Increase in muscle tension
Increase in Sweat
Need to urinate and nausea
4
Q
What does Cognitive mean?
A
Psychological
5
Q
What are 5 cognitive symptoms of arousal?
A
Increase in concentration
Increased focus
Heightened awareness
Attentional narrowing
Decreased reaction time
6
Q
What are 5 ways in which the sporting situation can increase arousal?
A
Level of competition
Prizes/rewards
Team trials - evaluation
Crowds watching
Not playing well
7
Q
What 3 ways can increased arousal improve performance?
A
Increases energy
Helps simple/gross skills
Helps a good (autonomous) performer
8
Q
What 2 ways can increased arousal hinder performance?
A
The ability to perform complex/fine skills
Beginner (cognitive) performer
9
Q
What is Hulls Drive Theory?
A
Increased arousal causes increased drive which causes increased performance (for some performers) recognising a linear relationship between arousal and performance.
10
Q
What is the equation for Hulls Drive Theory?
A
P = f(D*H)
11
Q
What does the equation for hulls drive theory mean?
A
Performance is a function of habit and drive.
12
Q
As drive ( arousal ) ___________, there is a likelihood that the ___________ _________ occurs.
A
increases
dominant response
13
Q
HDT
What is the effect of arousal on a cognitive learner?
A
Increased arousal leads to the dominant response being incorrect, so making lots of mistakes.
14
Q
What are three positive aspects of HDT?
A
1) Simple and easy to understand, clearly showing the relationship between arousal and performance.
2) Many performers and coaches believe that dominant response is indeed what happens when their arousal increases.
3) It is also accurate when related to types of skills as some require more arousal and therefore performance increases.
15
Q
HDT
What is the effect of arousal on an autonomous learner?
A
Increased arousal leads to the dominant response being correct, so making very few mistakes.
16
Q
What are 3 negative aspects of HDT?
A
1) Doesn’t take into account the idea that performers may lose motivation and therefor be the reason of reduced performance.
2) Doesn’t take into account individual differences such as personality and skill type.
3) some skills/simple/gross skills are performed well at low arousal.
17
Q
What does the inverted U theory state?
A
Performance improves with arousal up to an optimal point where increased arousal after this point brings about a decrease in performance.
18
Q
What are some symptoms of under arousal?
A
Physiological: sluggish - little adrenaline - low HR
Cognitive: Lack of concentration/focus
19
Q
What are some symptoms of moderate arousal?
A
Optimal level of performance, good selective attention and concentration
20
Q
What are some symptoms of over arousal?
A
Physiological: tension - shaking- Increase in HR
Cognitive: Lack of clear thinking/focus
21
Q
What are 3 positive aspects of Inverted U Theory?
A
1) Simple and easy to apply
2) Many performers refer to being at optimal arousal.
3) It recognises that the optimal levels can differ for different performers/ personalities/ skill level/ types of skill
22
Q
What are 2 negative aspects of Inverted U Theory?
A
1) Doesn’t take into account the different effects of arousal on performance as it may not always be a gradual decline and instead could be drastic.
2) It does not always end in complete deterioration of the performance as some performers may have the skill and experience to recover.
23
Q
what arousal level do complex and fine skills need?
A
Lower arousal
24
Q
What arousal level do simple and gross skills need?
A
Higher arousal
25
How does an extroverted personality get effected by arousal?
Extroverts enjoy high levels of excitement and can usually perform well in a high arousal situation because their RAS reduces incoming stimuli.
26
How does an introverted personality get effected by arousal?
Introverts are more likely to perform well under low arousal conditions as their RAS enhances incoming stimuli.
27
What is the RAS?
The Reticular Activating system in the brain which controls and measures levels of adrenaline in the body.
28
What does the catastrophe theory state?
Increased arousal causes peak performance at an optimal point and after this is reached a dramatic decline occurs = a catastrophe. This only occurs if the performer experiences high levels of somatic and state anxiety. However if a performer lowers arousal levels it can reuslt in performance improving again.
29
What are 3 positive aspects of the catastrophe theory?
1) It represents a realisticv picture of why the performers choke or why there is a significant drop in performance.
2) It takes into account the effects of both cognitive and somatic types of arousal on performace.
3) Takes into account that lowering levels of arousal can result in performance improving again.
30
what are 3 negative aspects of the catasrophe theory?
1) Not all performers will experience sudden drop in performance as some can cope and thrive on high levels of cognitive anxiety through the use of stress management techniques.
2) It is not true that optimum arousal has a mid-way point.
3) The theory doesnt take into account personality, level of performer and type of skill.
31
What does the Zone of Optimal Functioning (ZOF) state?
The zone of optimal functioning is the levels of performance that is near perfect with few errors, lots of energy and correct decision making. It is depicted by a zone rather than a point and can alter depending on type of skill, level of performance and personality. To achieve ZOF individuals must use mental practice, relaxation, visualisation and positive self talk.
32
What can being in the ZOF lead to?
Peak flow experience
33
What is peak flow experience?
Where the timing of movements and actions appear to be perfect.
34
Whata are 3 characteristics of Peak flow experience?
Subconcious feeling of self - control
Efforless movement
Successful completition of challenge
35
What are 5 factors aftecting Peak flow experience?
Injury
Fatigue
Crowd hostility
Poor officials
Negative self talk
36
What is 1 good aspect to the ZOF theory?
It is the most accepted explanation of the impact of arousal on performance and the most widely applied theory in this feild as it takes into account the individual rather than making generalisations.
37
What is anxiety?
A negative emotional state caused because a situation is threatening, usually arising in sport as a result og the performers perception of the situation.
38
What is somatic anxiety?
Physiological responses of performer when symptoms often reduce when the event has started.
39
What are 3 examples of somatic anxiety?
Sweating
Pulse raising
Nausea
40
What is cognitive anxiety?
Psychological responses and worries of performer/doubts in their ability to complete the task. usually experience a couple of days prior to the event.
41
What are 3 examples of cognitive anxiety?
Worry
Fear of failure
Negative expectations
42
What is Trait anxiety?
A trait within an individual which measures their potential to react with apprehesion.It is genetically inherited and stable.
43
How does high trait anxiety affect a performer?
A performer easily becomes anxious, even about non-threatening situations.
44
What is state anxiety?
State anxiety describes anxiety felt in a particular situation or time, made up of cognitive and somatic anxiety which is linked to mood and alters moment to moment.
45
What is competitive state anxiety?
Anxiety levels when in a competitve sporting situation.
46
What is competitive trait anxiety?
The tendency to see competitive situations as threatening and will respond with feeling of anxiety.
47
How does somatic state anxiety affect performance?
An inverted u relationship occurs showing that there is an optimal level of anxiety which results in best performance.
48
How does cogntive state anxiety affect performance?
A negative linear relationship occurs showing that the lower the effects of cognitive anxiety the better the performance.
49
Pre competition period - Cognitive anxiety?
Increases from a week before performance
50
Pre competition period - Somatic anxiety?
Tends to low in days before performance
51
During competition - cognitive anxiety?
If started well, cognitive anxiety decreases
if started poorly, cognitive anxiety increases
52
During competition - somatic anxiety?
Sharp increase just before the start and the sharp decrease once event has started.
53
What is stress?
A pattern of negative physiological states amd physiological responsesoccuring when people percieve threats to their wellbeing.
54
What are the two forms of stress?
Eustress
Distress
55
What is Eustress?
positive, giving a feeling of fulfilment and arousal. It can increase focus, attention and skill level.
56
What is Distress?
negative, causing anxiety and apprehesion. It tends to be detrimental to sporting performace.
57
What does the term stressor mean?
Factors or situations that can cause stress. Their effects depend on how the individual percieves them in relation to their own ability and personality.
58
What are 5 sport-specific stressors?
Competition - type or period of the game
Frustration - when prevented from reaching goal
Conflict - work commitment and sport commitment
Personal - individual trait anxiety level
physiological and climatic - placing body under strain
59
what are the 3 steps which the general adaptaion syndrome - seyle describes?
Alarm reaction stage - "fight or flight" - sympathetic nervous system activates - ^HR, ^BP, ^blood sugar, ^adrenaline.
Resistance stage - if stress ocntinues the body will revert to normal levels. Homeostasis regained.
Collapse stage - adrenal cortex fails after continued stress - ulcers, CHD, high BP, Extreme cases = death
60
What is the most optimal psychological state for most sports?
relaxed but focused concentration
alert, but free of muscle tension
61
What are the three ways in which cognitive anxiety can be controlled?
Visualisation/mental rehearsal
Positive self talk
Goal setting
62
What are the three ways in which somatic anxiety can be controlled?
Muscle relaxation
Centring/breathing control
Biofeedback
63
What is visualisation?
Creating mental imagesof what you want to happen or feel.
64
How can visualisation help reduce stress and anxiety?
It can create an escape from the immdiate effects of stress which can reduce feelings of anxiety.
65
What is positive self talk?
Developing positive thoughts about ones actions, an experienced performer may also use cue words to trigger off potive thoughts.
66
How can positive self talk help reduce stress and anxiety?
It replaces negative self talk which will lower anxiety.
67
What is goal setting?
Developing smart goals to identify what yhe performer is trying to achieve at a specified time in the future.
68
How can goal setting help reduce stress and anxiety?
It can direct attention to focused and controlled achievements which are achievable and therefore increases motivation lowering the chance of exhaustion.
69
What is Muscle relaxation?
Learning to be aware of the tensipon present in muscles and removing it by relaxing. It is often combined with breathing control.
70
What is centring?
Using deep breathing as a way to refoccus your attention
71
what is biofeedback?
Measuring physiological respopnses e.g. hHR/breathing rate/sweat etc.
It can help performers recognise wha reduces the reponses.
72
What is Eyesnecks trait theory of personality?
1955
Eyesneck said, personality is measured using the "Eyesnecks personality inventory" involving two dimensions - extroversion/introversion and stable/neurotic.
73
Introverted/Extroverted (EPI)
Affected by Reticular Activating System:
Introverted - RAS enhances incoming stimuli, leading to over-arousal.
Extroverted - RAS reduces incomeing stimuli, leading to under-arousal.
74
Stable/Neurotic (EPI)
Affected by Autonomous Nervous System:
Stable - ANS responds slowly to stressful situations
Neurotic - ANS resoinds rapidly and strongly to stressful situations.
75
What is Cattells trait theory of personality?
1956
Cattell said, personality was measured using a self report questionnaire - "Cattells 16 personality factor Questionnnaire"
76
What is the other name for the Type A and Type B theory?
Narrow band approach
77
What is the Narrow band approach to personality?
Type A - Highly competive, Desire to succeed, Need to be in control, Prone to stress
Type B - Non competitive, Lacks desire to succeed, Does not enjoy control , Less prone to stress.
78
What is Sheldons theory of personality?
Sheldon said, personality was categorised into three personalities based on physical make up. Personlaity is based on physical attributes and the relationship between build and behaviour.
79
Endomorph (SHELDON)
Psychologically an endomorph is sociable, fun-loving, tolerant, even tempered, relaxed.
80
Ectomorph (SHELDON)
Psychologically an ectomorph is self concious, introverted, inhibites, socially anxious, intense, thoughtful
81
Mesomorph (SHELDON)
Psychologically a mesomorph is adventurous, courageous, assertive, competitive, risk taker, extroverted.
82
What is banduras social learning theory?
Peoples personality is affected by those in the environement around them, mainly influenced by significant others and their actions/personalities.
6 Stages:
D - demonstration - observing
behavious of a significant other
A - attention - paying attention to behaviour of a significant other
R - retention - observing behaviour several times
R - motor reproduction - copying that behaviour
M - matching - initiating/copying that exact behaviour that was observed.
83
What are 2 - and 2 + of the social learning theory approach?
- the influence of biological factors on behaviour is underestimated.
- Reinforces the idea that behaviour can be changed and shaped to create more desireable responses.
+ Can therefore take away responsibility for actions and behaviours.
+ some behaviours will develop and continue in the absense of a model.
84
What is the interactionist approach?
This approachs says, personality is a result of inherited traits and learned experiences.
85
What is the Lewin approach?
(interactionist approach)
Personality and behaviour is adapted to the situation.
When situation is strong (important comp) - environment dictates behaviour
When situation is weak (traing regularly) - personality dictates behaviour.
86
What is Hollanders model?
(interactionist approach)
Hollander said, personality was a layered structure.
Psychological core - persons attitudes and values
Typical responses - usual way someone behaves generally representative of inner core
Role related behaviour - changeable, dependant on situation could be different to core.
87
How could knowledge of the interactionist approach improve performance? 3 ways.
1) Coach could predict potential unnaccepted behaviour and substitute a player to prevent a send off.
2) Coach could identify situations that cause a decrease in performance and create similar situations in training so player can leanr to cope. e.g. pbeing observed by a crowd in practice means player can adjest to performance in front of far more people.
3) Coach could change their behaviours by encouraging players to adapt to situations. e.g. advice and support in practice will mean player can learn to be in more control in matches.
88
Evaluation of the Interactionist Approach?
-/+Core values could be hard to alter and therefore behaviour in competition may remain stable - affecting positively or negatively.
-/+ Reinforcement from significant others may lead to behaviour of teammate being continued - affecting positively or negatively.
- personality is stable however the competition is unstabel
+ if a tema member better understands their personality profile it could assist them in altering/adapting/learning to cope better in any situation.
89
What are 3 ways of measuring personality?
1) self report
2) Observation
3) Interview
90
Measuring personality -
Self report?
Eyesnecks Personality Inventory or Cattells 16 personality factor questionnaire.
91
What are 3 advantages to the self report method of measuring personality?
1) quick and efficient
2) Cheap and cost effective
3) Reliable - shoudl get same result when repeated.
92
What are 3 disadvantages to the self report method of measuring personality?
1) Participant may show demand characteristics
2) Ambiguous questions could lead to misinterpretation.
3) Weak validity as the questions would be too simplistic to gain a measure of whole personality.
93
Measuring personality -
Observation?
Subjects watched and behaviour recorded. Shows when behaviour is consistent and what situations affects it.
94
What is 1 advantage to the observation method of measuring personality?
Personality is tested in actual setting - high ecological validity
95
What are 3 disadvantages to the observation method of measuring personality?
1) Reducing validity and reliability
2) Subject knows they are being watched - demand characteristics
3) Observer bias and observer interpretation may affect results.
96
Measuring personality -
Interview
Involves a 1-2-1 discussion with a performer.
97
What is 1 advantage to the interview method of measuring personality?
1) Gain an in-depth understanding of the person.
98
What are 3 disadvantages to the observation method of measuring personality?
1) Reducing validity and reliability
2) Time consuming
3) responses may be effected by environment (nervous/mood)
99
Measuring personality -
Profile of Mood States (POMS)
A questionnaire evaluating 6 dimensions - Tension, depression, anger, vigour, fatigue and confusion.
100
What would a successful athletes POMS graph look like?
High levels of vigour and low levels on all other negative mood dimensions.
101
What is the credulous approach?
When the link between personality and behaviour is accepted.
102
What is the sceptical approach?
When the link between personality and behaviour is doubted.
103
What is achievement motivation?
An individuals drive to achieve success for its own sake.
AM = desire to succeed - fear of failure
104
What did Atkinson propose where the 2 factors affecting a persons level of achievement motivation?
Personality of performer
Situational factors
105
What are the two types of personality?
NACH
NAF
106
What is a NACH personality?
Need to achieve - A person motivated to achieve success for feelings of pride and satisfaction.
107
What is a NAF personality?
Need to avoid failure - A person is motivated to avoid failure in order not to experience feelings of shame or humiliation.
108
What are the characterisitcs of a NACH personality?
1. Looks for challenges
2. Persists for longer
3. Enjoys performing in evaluative situations
4. High levels of self efficacy
5. Willing to take risks
109
What are the characteristics of a NAF personality?
1. Avoids challenges
2. Gives up easily
3. Dislikes evaluative situations
4. Low levels of self efficacy
5. Unwilling to take risks
110
What are the 2 situational factors affecting AM?
Probability of success
Incentive value of success
111
What is incentive value of success?
The importance to the individual of success or failure in the task.
112
What is
