Skill Acquisition Flashcards
1
Q
Definition of a skill
A
Skill is the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty often with the minimum outlay of time and energy or both.
2
Q
What are 4 things we know about a SKILL?
A
1) A skill is learned from natural abilities
2) Skills are improved through practice
3) Athletes are able to produce the same action time after time
4) They are carried out efficiently taking little or no effort.
3
Q
What is the acronym we use to remember the characteristics of a skilled performance?
A
ACEFACE
4
Q
What does ACEFACE stand for?
A
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
5
Q
What is the operant conditioning learning theory?
A
Operant conditioning is based on trial and error to shape behaiour and is reliant upon the relationship bewtween a stimulus and a response. Behavious towards a stimulus can be manipulated through reinforcement (Strengthening SR bond) and punishment (Weakens SR bond).
6
Q
Definition of stimulus?
A
Any information that enters the body via sensory system.
7
Q
Definition of a response?
A
an action
8
Q
How does practice effect the SR bond?
A
It makes it stronger
9
Q
Definition of reinforcement?
A
The process which increases the probabiliity of a behaviour ocurring.
10
Q
What is positive reinforcement?
A
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response which incresases the probability of repeating behaviour.
11
Q
What is negative reinforcement?
A
Taking away an unpleasant/advers/negative stimulus after the correct response which increases probabilty of repeating behaviour.
12
Q
What is punishment?
A
When a coach gives an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from happening again as it creates resentment, dislike and anger.
13
Q
Positive reinforcement example?
A
Recieving praise from coach or clapping from coach.
14
Q
Negative reinforcement example?
A
A footbal coach consistently shouting, stops when team begin to pass ball consistently.
15
Q
Punishment example?
A
A penalty given in football for a foul.
16
Q
Complete reinforcement?
A
A reward is given on every occassion so learning is fast.
17
Q
Partial reinforcement?
A
A reward is given after a number of correct resposnses so learning is slower but lasts longer.
18
Q
What is Banduras Observational Learning theory?
A
The social learning theory suggests that we learn by observing significant others and social reinforcement. This involves demonstration, Attention, Retention, Motor reproduction, Motivation and Matching performance.
19
Q
What is the D in DARMMM?
A
Demonstration of the skill by a significant other.
20
Q
What is the A in DARMMM?
A
Attention - The learner must use selective attention to pick out relevant cues. A model must be successful and respectful and the demonstration must be heard, seen and accurate.
21
Q
What is the R in DARMMM?
A
Retention - the ability to remember the demonstration - it can be improved through demonstrations and mental rehearsal.
22
Q
What is the M in DARMMM?
A
Motor reproduction - Refers to the performer attempting to replicate the skill.
23
Q
What is the 2nd M in DARMMM?
A
Motivation - performers are more likey to imitate the behaviour when they have more respect for the significant other. Motivation is also increased when the skill is most relevant.
24
Q
What is the 3rd M in DARMMM?
A
Matching performance - If the stages are carried out correctly the original the performer will be able to successfully replicate the skill.
25
What is Hulls drive reduction theory
This social learning theory suggests that individuals are motivated to achieve effective and competent performance when faced with new skills and problems. This leads to goal-directed behaviour where individuals practise in order to achieve success. Once the skill is mastered, drive reduces which acts as a form of reinforcement stregthening the S-R bond. Habit reduces drive to continue and then inhibition occurs. New goals/target must be set to increase challenge.
26
What might a coach do to increase drive?
Supply a new challenge by providing a more complex skill in order to maintain drive.
27
What should a coach not use to much off to limit inhibition?
Massed practise - this is because performance will decrease due to boredom. the more skills are performed the greater the players inhibition.
28
Definition of Transfer of learning?
The influence or effect the learning of one task has on another.
29
Positive transfer?
When the learning of one skill promotes/helps th elearning of another.
30
Example of Positive transfer?
Snowboarding to skiing
31
Negative transfer?
When the leaning of one skill hinders/inhibits the learning of another.
32
Example of negative transfer?
High jump to Long jump
33
Zero transfer?
When the learning of skill has no effect on the learning of another.
34
Example of zero transfer?
Footbal to swimming
35
Bilateral transfer?
When learning is transfered from limb to limb
36
Example of bi-lateral transfer?
Passing off both hands in rugby
37
Proactive transfer?
When presently learned skill have an effect on future skills.
38
Proactive transfer example?
Practising drill at start of session followed by a game (assumes positive transfer will occur)
39
Retroactive transfer?
When a presently leaned skill has an effect on previously learned skills.
40
example of retroactive transfer?
A basketball player getting called up when returning to netball for being to physical.
41
How can a coach ensure successful transfer of learning takes place?
1. Coach can make performer aware of transfer potential/ highlight the elemnt sof the skill that are similar
2. Identify elements that may hinder learning
3. Ensure original tasks are well learnt
4. Planning progression
5. make practice realistic/relevant to the competitive environment.
6. Eliminate bad habits
7. Make usre performer is well motivated/confident.
42
What is Guidance?
The information provided to help leaners aquire new skills.
43
What is the type of guidance used affected by?
1. Satge of learning
2. Nature of activity
3. Individual preferences based on learning styles of performer.
44
Match the 3 senses with the 3 types of guidance?
Vision = visual
Audition = verbal
Proprioception = Manual/Mechanical
45
Visual Guidance?
Creates a mental image of the correct performance.e.g. demonstrations or video analysis.
46
Advantages of visual guidance?
1. Leaner can see accurate performance
2. Demonstrations can be repeated or put in slow mo (if a video)
3. Usefull in all stage of learning. (autonomous leaners a can use it to analyse own performances)
47
Disadvantage of Visual guidance?
1. Demonstrations must be accurate and of high quality.
2. Everyone must be able to see and pay attention.
48
Verbal guidance?
Instructions and explanation given to highlight key points.
49
Advantages of verbal guidance?
1. Effective questioning can enhance learning and understanding
2. Effectively combined with visual guidance
3. It is immediate
50
Disadvantages of Verbal guidance?
1. Some verbal instructions are too long and complicated - beginners often have short attention spans
2. Some movements cannot be accurately explained.
51
Mechanical Guidance?
The use of equipment of aids to support performer e.g. harness in trampolining
52
Manual guidance?
Involves using physical support?
53
Advantages of Manual/Mechanical guidance?
1. Increases safety for potentially hazardous movements.
2. Increases the performers confidence
3. Helps an individual develop kinaesthetic awarensess.
54
Disadvantages of Manual/Mechanical Guidance?
1. If overused performer can become reliant on it.
2. Can provide leaners with an unrealistic feeling of the motion as they are not taking there full body weight.
3. Equipment can be expensive and may need to be trained to use it.
55
Whole - method of practice?
Leaner performs skill as a complete unit without breaking it down into subroutines.
56
Part - method of practice?
Skill is broken down into sub routines that are then practised and learned separately.
57
Whole - Part - Whole - method of practice?
Where first the skill is attempted as a whole unit and then, where there are errors these parts of the skill are isolated to practice before attempting whole skill again.
58
Progressive part (chaining) - method of practice?
Where the sub-routines/parts are progressively built upon until the whole skill is performed. It often shows an A AB ABC ABCD pattern.
59
What affects the method of practice chosen by a coach?
1. Skill classification
2. Level of performer
3. Time available
60
What are advantages of whole?
What are disadvantages of whole?
1. Good for High organisation skills
2. Performer develops kineasthesis for final movement.
3. Learning can be quicker
1. Unsuitable for complex skills
2. Can be dangerous
61
What are advantages of part?
What are disadvantages of part?
1. Provides early success - motivating
2. Safer
3. Good for low organisation, complex and serial skills.
1. Continuity of skill is lost
2. Reduces kinaesthetic awareness
3. Some performer struggle to put parts back together. - takes mores time.
62
Fixed Practice?
Fixed practice involves repetition of the same skill in the same environment (closed) in order to reinforce learning. e.e a somersualt on beam in gymnastics
63
Variable practice?
Variable practice involves carrying out a skill in an open situation where the performer will need to employ
decision-making. e.g a 3vs2 game situation.
64
Massed practice?
Massed practice involves repeating the skill oraction on numerous occasions with few or no rest periods.
65
Distributed practice?
Distributed practice involves practice of a skill with a recovery and rest periods between each attempt.
66
Mental rehearsal?
When the athlete visualises themselves performing a skill.
Cognitive - Thinking about strategy and tactics makes a performer make the correct decision.
Neuromuscular - Muscular neurones fire as if muscle is actually active (contractions are very small)
Confidence - Performer can concentrate on successful and correct performance.
67
Advantages of fixed?
The advantages of fixed practice are that the movement becomes ‘over learned’ and little conscious attention needs to be paid to the execution of the skill. This means that the skill
can then be reproduced consistently.
68
Disadvantages of fixed?
Does not always prepare performers for when things go wrong - doesnt train decision making.
69
Advantages of Variable?
Allows learners to practice in situations more realistic to their sporting activity. It prepares performers for decision making and interaction in competitive performances. Good for open skills.
70
Disadvantage of Variable?
Can be difficult to stimulate appropriate competitove situations.
71
Advantages of Massed?
Good for learning discrete sjills in short duration, stimulates performing in a fatigues situation.
72
Disadvantages of massed?
Can lead to fatigue and boredom. Could lead to overload and injury.
73
Advantages of Distributed?
Good for learning new and complex skills or potentially dangerous skills. Gives time to recover physically and mentally.
74
Disadvantages of Distributed?
Can slow down practice
75
What is Feedback?
accurate and concise info available to performer either during or after performing given in order to alter future performance.
76
What is the function of feeback?
M - Motivate
R- Reinforce
I - Inform and provide info on errors and corrections
77
Intrinsic feedback?
Comes from within, recieved form sense organs.
78
What are the 3 types of intrinsic feedback?
Kinaesthetic
Touch
Equillibrium
These all provide a sense of where the body is.
79
Extrinsic feedback?
Comes from an outside source, such as a coach or spectators.
80
What are the 3 types of extrinsic feedback?
1. Knowledge of performance
2. Knowledge of results
3. Terminal
81
Knowledge of results?
Info about end result. An indication of success which are usually tangible facts, simply outcome driven.
82
Knowledge of performance?
Info about how well perfoance went - analysis of action. Not tangible, which offers advice /motivation regardless of outcome.
83
Terminal?
Feedback after performance. can be delayed or immediate.
84
Concurrent?
Feedback during performance. Can be intrinsic or extrinsic.
85
Positive?
Gives info on successful performances which reinforces skill learning, maintaining effort and motivation.
86
Negative?
Gives info on unsuccessful aspects.
87
What are key characteristics of effective feedback?
1 - Positive, constructive and informative - to motivate and acknowledge effort.
2 - Specific and consistent - clear, transparent information.
3 - Immediate - timing is vital
4 - Frequent - small peices of info regularly
5 - Accurate - Correct and sincere. helped by quantitive data.
88
Ability?
Relatively enduring traits which are generallly stable qualities thay help a person carry out a particular act. Determined genetically.
89
What are the two types of ability?
Psycho-motor ability
Gross-motor ability
90
Psycho motor ability?
Involve information processing and decision making in order to carry out a particular movement.
91
What are 3 psycho motor abilities?
Limb Coordination - ability to coordinate the movement of a number of limbs simultaneously.
Reaction time - ability to respond rapidly to a stimulus when it appears.
Aiming - ability to aim precisely at a small object in space.
92
Gross - motor ability?
Innate characteristics which allow you to control your bodys large muscles for movement.
93
What are 3 gross motor abilities?
Static strength - maximum force exerted against an external object
Extenent flexibility - Ability to flex or strtch the trunk and back muscles.
Groos body coordination - ability to maintain balance without visual cues.
94
Self paced?
The speed of the action is decided and controlled by performer. e.g. a climber can control whether to proceed up a pith quickly or slowly.
95
Externally paced?
The speed of the action is decided and controlled by something or someone external to performer. e.g. sailing a dinghy largely controlled by weather conditions.
96
Open?
A skill is affected by environmental conditions and performed in an unpredictable environment. e.g a pass in football could be affected by opponents positioning.
97
Closed?
A skill which can be followed with little reference to the environment and performed ina predictable environment e.g. a 100m diver - same board and height and movement.
98
Gross?
A skill that uses large muscle groups and do not need to be very precise e.g. a rugby tackle
99
Fine?
Precise, intricate movement using small muscle groups. e.g. archery
100
High Organisation?
A skill that is not easily broken down into subroutines e.g. a somersault
101
Low in organisation?
A skill that is easily broken down into subroutines e.g. swimming.
102
Simple?
A skill thagt requires few decisions when being performed. e.g. forward roll
103
Complex?
A skill that requires decision making using lots of infor when performed e.g. dribbling in hockey.
104
What is the definition of learning?
The relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice or experience. It is observed and measure through performance.
105
What is the definition of performance?
The limited, short term and unpredictable demonstration of solving a task at a given moment in time.
106
What is the Linear curve of learning/performance?
The rate of improvement is directly proportional to the number of practice sessions.
107
What is the positively accelerated curve of learning/performance?
Shape shows that the individual has performed better in the later sesssions than in the earlier ones, and that the rate of performance is getting faster.
108
What is the negatively accelerated curve of learning/performance?
This shape shows that the individual has performed better in earlier sessions than in later ones - the rate3 of performance improvement in slowing . The performer may have reached their potential, be recieving poor coaching or boredom.
109
What is the S- shaped plateau curve of learning/performance?
Often occurs when the athlete is trying to do too much and is overtired, they could be lacking in motivation/ reached their potential.
110
What is a learning plateau?
A plateau is a period which, although there are fluctuations from trial to trial there is no defintie change in perfomance as measured.
111
What is drive reduction?
An end of task period when performance may get worse and drive is lost.
112
What is the cognitive stage?
The beginner phase, where understanding and lots of thinking is needed.
GUIDANCE:
Learner has limited attention capacity so instructions should be brief and to the point - Visual and verbal explanations are important.
Manual guidance might also be used to to guide learner through movement.
FEEDBACK:
Extrinsic feedback, especially positive reinforcemnt of correct responses is needed to help learner progress to assosiative phase.
113
Assosiative Phase?
The Practise stage, where movement patters are more fluent and the learner begins to refine skills that are well learned.
GUIDANCE:
Verbal guidance can be used more as performer starts to understand technical language.
FEEDBACK:
Feedback becomes more intrinsic as performer has started to develop kinaesthesis. However, extrinsic feedback is needed to highlight correct technique and timing as faults must be corrected to stop learner developing bad habits. A long time can be spent in this phase so positive feedback is nessiscary.
114
Autonomous phase?
The elite phase, where movement patterns are now well learned and performed competently having become automatic. more time to focus on tactics or sophisticated strategies.
FEEDBACK:
Performer can gain kinaesthetic information however will benefit from more complicated technical feedback extrinsically.Negative feedback can be dealt with.
