Sports Psych

Question 1

PERSONALITY

Answer 1

The patterns of thoughts and feeling and the way in which we interact with our environment and other people that make us a unique person

Question 2

The narrow band approach

Answer 2

Type A - impatience,intolerance, high stress

Type B - relaxed, tolerant, low stress

Question 3

Hinckle, Lyons and Burke

Answer 3

The narrow band approach - type A/type B

96 runners, aged 16-66 type A and B. Compared for levels of competition anxiety, forceful behaviour and response to challenge or training and racing.

Two groups where not significantly different.
Type A ran more when not extrinsically motivated than type B
Suggests that type A would be more aggressive in a sporting context

Question 4

Personality approaches

Answer 4

Trait approach - an individuals personality is made up of a collection of stable enduring traits

Social learning theory - a person’s personality changes with the situation and that the environment influences behaviour. Our personalities are shaped by those around us and that we are more likely to adopt the personality of role models

Interactionist - we are all born with certain personality characteristics but some of these can be modified by interacting with the environment

Question 5

Trait approach

Answer 5

PERSONALITY -

Includes the view that an individual’s personality is made up of a collection of stable emotional traits

Stable personality - traits that are unchangeable and constant

Unstable trait - changeable and unpredictable

Extrovert vs introvert

Question 6

Cattle

Answer 6

PERSONALITY -

1965
The trait approach
16 personality factor questionnaire

Personalities in participants from contact sport vs team players. Can be used to direct individuals to specific sports. The same subject given the questionnaire at two different times will give different answers. Does not take into account situational factors.

Question 7

Social learning theory

Answer 7

PERSONALITY -

a person’s personality changes with the situation and that the environment influences behaviour

This explains why people that are of significance to us and why twins that have been separated have different personalities

Our personalities are shaped by those around us and that we are more likely to adopt the personality of role models that we come into contact with

Question 8

Interactionist approach

Answer 8

PERSONALITY -

Both trait and social approaches have value
We are all born with certain personality characteristics but some of these can be modified by interacting with the environment

We have traits which appear consistently, but on many other occasions our traits interact with environmental factors in a given situation and this in turn affects our personalities and behaviour

Question 9

Hollander’s personality structure (1971)

Answer 9

Layered structure

1) an in er psychological core - not affected by the environment, where our fairly permanent qualities reside. Affects the next layer
2) a middle layer reveals the way we typically or usually respond to certain situations
3) an outer layer reveals our role-related behaviours - this shows that our typical response may be affected by circumstances our behaviour will be completely different at different times in different circumstances and may well be unlike our psychological core

Question 10

Rogers

Answer 10

PERSONALITY -
Researched the process of trying to reach self-actualisation
Individuals like to feel good about themselves, which he called positive self regard
We need the approval if others. This is conditional positive regard.
Self actualisation - the individual’s desire to explore and understand the world so that they can grow personally and reach their potential

Question 11

Attitude

Answer 11

A predisposition to act in a particular way towards something or someone in a person’s environment

Question 12

Prejudice

Answer 12

A preconceived opinion based on a faulty and inflexible generalisation

Question 13

Attitude model

Answer 13

Triadic model

Question 14

Triadic model

Answer 14

1) beliefs - past experiences, what we have learned from others e.g believe exercise is good
2) emotions - reactions to an attitude object, like or dislike, also depends on past experiences e.g. enjoy participating in exercise
3) behaviour - what you do e.g. not exercise very much

Question 15

LaPiere

Answer 15

Attitude

1930s

Traveller around america with chinese couple
Visited 251 hotels and restaurants
Turned away from only one establishment
Wrote to these establishments 6 months later 92% indicated they would not welcome chinese visitors
Shows inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour
Prejudice can affect behaviour. Attitudes expressed as behaviour in one context are different to attitudes expressed in a written response

Question 16

Methods of changing attitudes

Answer 16

Persuasive communication

Question 17

Persuasive communication

Answer 17

Method of changing attitudes

Effectivenes depends on -
The person doing the persuading - should have a high status

The quality of the message - message must make sense and be believable

The characteristics of who is being persuaded - the person being persuaded may be intelligent enough to understand the message but may not accept it.

Question 18

Stereotype

Answer 18

A belief held by a collection of people about traits shared by a certain category of person

Question 19

Motivation

Answer 19

The internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct behaviour

Question 20

Drive

Answer 20

Directed, motivated or energised behaviour that an individual has towards achieving a certain goal

Question 21

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 21

The internal drives to participate or to perform well

Fun, enjoyment, satisfaction etc

Question 22

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 22

External factors can be extremely powerful in determining whether we want to learn a particular skill and whether we want to perfect it

Rewards, medals, badges and prizes

The pressures from other people can be motivational, some people participate in sport to please their parents etc