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PE > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The Skeleton

A

A shaping framework for internal organs which gives protection for internal organs, is the site for blood production and is a mineral store

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2
Q

Flat bones

A

Protect internal organs and act as sites for muscular attachment

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3
Q

Long bones

A

Act as levers for movement and act as sites for blood cell production

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4
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae protect the spinal cord

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5
Q

Short bones e.g. carpals

A

Carpals and tarsals bear weight

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6
Q

Sesamoid bones e.g. patella

A

Patella ease joint movement and resist compression

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7
Q

Two arm bones

A

Ulna and radius

Ulna connected to little finger

Radius connected to thumb

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8
Q

To lower leg bones

A

Tibia and fibula

Tibia is large one, fibula is small

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9
Q

Finger bones

A

Phalanges

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10
Q

Hand bones

A

Meta carpals

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11
Q

Wrist bone

A

Carpals

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12
Q

Ankle and Top of foot bones

A

Talus and Tarsals

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13
Q

Foot bones

A

Meta tarsals

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14
Q

Toes

A

Phalanges

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15
Q

Ligament

A

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure -
A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

Function -
Connects bone to bone and stabilises joint during movement

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16
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure -
Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

Function -
Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure-
Smooth tissue which covers the surface of the articulating bone

Function -
Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement

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18
Q

Joint capsule

A

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure -
A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

Function -
Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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19
Q

Bursa

A

Makes up a synovial joint

Structure -
A closed, fluid fulled sac found where tendons rub over bones

Function - reduces friction between tendons and bones

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20
Q

Joint

A

An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement

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21
Q

Hinge joint

A

A cylindrical bone articulates with a trough-shaped bone held tightly by ligaments which limit sideways movement. Motion restricted to one plane

22
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Similar to a ball and socket joint with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in two planes

E.g. the wrist

23
Q

Pivot joint

A

A rounded bone articulates with a ring-shaped bine which restricts motion to one plane

E.g. the radio-ulnar joint

24
Q

Gliding joint

A

Almost flat, similar sized bones articulate with limited motion in three planes

E.g. the spine

25
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

A ball shaped head articulates with a cup shaped socket to give a large range of motion in all three planes

26
Q

The planes of movement

A

The sagittal plane - lies vertically. It divides the body into left and right parts from medial to lateral

The frontal plane - lies vertically. Dividing the body into front and back

The transverse plane - lies horizontally. Dividing the body into upper and lower

27
Q

Transverse planes

A

The transverse plane - lies horizontally. Dividing the body into upper and lower

Somersault

28
Q

The frontal plane

A

The frontal plane - lies vertically. Dividing the body into front and back

Adduction, abduction

29
Q

The sagittal plane

A

The sagittal plane - lies vertically. It divides the body into left and right parts from medial to lateral

Flexion/extension

30
Q

Flexion

A

Decreases the joint angle

31
Q

Extension

A

Increases the joint angle

32
Q

Dorsi-flexion

A

Decreases the joint angle

Bringing tors closer to the tibia

33
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Increase the angle
Moving the toes further away from tibia

Pointing toes

34
Q

Abduction

A

moves the articulating bones away from the midline of the body

35
Q

Adduction

A

Moves the articulating bones closer to the midline of the body

36
Q

Horizontal extension

A

Moves articulating bones away from midline of the body

E.g. the backswing of a discuss throw

37
Q

Horizontal flexion

A

Moves the articulating bones closer to the midline of the body

E.g. the throw/forward swing of a discuss throw

38
Q

Rotation

A

When articulating bones turn about it’s longitudinal axis

Rotation toward the body is medial

Rotation away from the body is lateral

39
Q

Origin

A

The point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction e.g. the biceps brachii origin is on the scapula during an arm curl

40
Q

Insertion

A

The point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction

41
Q

Antagonistic muscle action

A

Agonist and antagonist and fixator work together in a coordinated movement

42
Q

Agonist

A

A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as a prime mover

43
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance for co-ordinated movement. Usually lengthens

44
Q

Fixator

A

A muscle that stabilises on part of a body while another causes movement

45
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction

A

Muscular contraction which changes length during it’s contraction

46
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

Muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension. Posture is is maintained by isometric contraction

47
Q

Concentric muscle contraction

A

Muscle contraction where the muscle shortens, causing tension

48
Q

Eccentric

A

Muscle contraction in which the muscle lengthens producing tension

49
Q

Motor neuron

A

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to group of muscle fibres

50
Q

Motor unit

A

The motor neuron and it’s muscle fibres

51
Q

Action potential

A

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre

PE (3 decks)

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