Sports Physiology Flashcards by Sam Folarin

What is arousal?

A physical and mental state of alertness/readiness varying from deep sleep to intense excitement

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Under aroused = ?

Lack of concentration, focus, and motivation = low performance levels

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Over aroused = ?

Performers lose focus
Miss cues 
Become anxious 
Make bad decisions 
Become aggressive = low performance levels

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Fine and precise movements = ?

Involving accuracy and control require a low optimum level of arousal

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Gross skills requiring power = ?

Strength and large muscle movements require a high level of optimum arousal

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Name some sports low levels of arousal

Darts
Snooker
Archery

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Name some sports for high levels of arousal

Rugby

Weightlifting

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Describe the inverted U theory

As arousal level increases, so does performance levels

Once past this optimum point, performance decreases as they have become over aroused and become too anxious

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What is motivation?

Motivation is the drive and desire someone has to want to achieve

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What is intrinsic motivation?

Is the motivation that comes from within the performer

An individual who is intrinsically motivated will participate for personal pride self satisfaction,personal achievement

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What is extrinsic motivation?

This form of motivation comes from another source/person
A performer who is extrinsically motivated is done so by external rewards

These rewards can be divided into

Tangible rewards – Certificates, trophies, medals
Intangible rewards – praise, feedback, applause

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Define feedback

It is the information a performer receives about their performance and it helps them to develop and improve

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What is positive feedback?

It is used for a beginner. This is because you want to motivate them and keep them interested. The coach could shout from the sideline “well played” if a player plays a decent pass

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What is negative feedback?

Information a performer receives about what was incorrect or bad about their performance. Used for elite players

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What is knowledge of feedback?

This feedback type focuses on how successful you have been in achieving the outcome you set out to. Used for beginners

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What is knowledge of performance?

This method of feedback provides more detail about the quality of the performance and not the end result. It often relates to the individual movements and specific technique. Used for elite players

What is extrinsic feedback?

This form of feedback is feedback that comes from outside the performer, often verbally from a coach or teacher

What is intrinsic feedback?

Is information that is received from within the performer via the senses or muscles

What are the types of guidance?

Visual
Verbal
Manual
Mechanical

What is visual guidance?

Visual guidance often includes a demonstration of techniques or a skill by another person, for example the coach

What is verbal guidance?

Guidance that is provided be another person speaking to you

What is manual guidance?

This guidance involves physically moving the performer into the correct position

What is mechanical guidance?

This involves using device or objects to assist the performer

Examples of visual guidance

Still images

Footage of performance

Examples of manual guidance

* Holding a performers wrist in tennis to guide them * Supporting a tuck somersault in gymnastics or trampolining * Standing behind a golfer at the driving range and holding their hands through a golf swing

Examples of mechanical guidance

Using a float or armbands in swimming | A harness in trampolining

What is direct aggression?

Where there is actual physical contact between performers

What is indirect aggression?

It does not involve contact with another performer. This form of aggression is aimed at an object to gain an advantage

Examples of direct aggression

* A high tackle in rugby * A judo performer throwing their opponent to the ground illegally * A boxer punching their opponent below the belt

Examples of indirect aggression

A cricket player bowling a fast bouncer to intimidate the batsman Smashing a badminton shuttle in order for it to hit the ground faster

What is deep breathing?

Deep breaths should be used to control arousal and focus their thoughts on the task in hand. This technique helps to reduce the performers heart rate and feeling of nervousness

What is mental rehearsal?

Mental rehearsal involves the performer picturing themselves performing the skill perfectly before attempting it e.g Picturing the perfect performance of how to kick a conversion in rugby

What is imagery?

This method involves the performer imagining themselves in a calm relaxing place e.g A golfer may do this before attempting a putt in order to remain calm and control their arousal levels

What is visualisation?

During this method the performer will try to picture an aspect of performance e.g In cricket, the batsman will focus on how their performance should look prior to facing a bowler

What is positive self-talk?

Positive self-talk involves the performer talking to themselves in their head. The athletes will give themselves positive and reassuring instructions allowing them to remain focused and motivated on the task e.g A footballer preparing to take a penalty may use self talk to reassure themselves

What two main personality types are there?

Introvert | Extrovert

Does personality have an influence on sports? For an introvert

Yes Introverts tend to play Individual sports that require : * Concentration * Precision and fine skill control * Low levels of arousal * For example : Archery, Snooker and Shooting

Does personality have an influence on sport? For an extrovert

Yes Extroverts tend to play team sports when : * There is a fast pace * Concentration may need to be low * Gross skills are used * For example : football, rugby, volleyball