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Fundamentals of Nutrition > Sports & Diabetes > Flashcards

Sports & Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the most important fuels for muscles?

A
  • carbohydrates and fat
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2
Q

what are the types of muscle fibers?

A

Type I
Type IIA
Type IIB

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3
Q

which type of muscle has lots of mitochondria?

A

Type I

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4
Q

which type of muscle has a high content of triglycerides and high HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) activity?

A

Type I

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5
Q

which type of muscle is important in aerobic endurance?

A

Type I

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6
Q

which type of muscle do females have more?

A

Type I

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7
Q

which type of muscle is responsible for slow contraction?

A

Type I

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8
Q

which type of muscle is the fastest to contract?

A

Type IIB

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9
Q

which type of muscle is known as fast-twitch fiber or fast-glycolytic fiber?

A

Type IIB

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10
Q

which type of muscle fiber is important in short-duration anaerobic events and power events?

A

Type IIB

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11
Q

What is the difference between type IIA and type IIB?

A

Type IIA is similar to type IIB but have a moderate oxidative capacity

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12
Q

which muscle fiber is more suited for endurance exercise?

which is more suited for sprinting exercise?

A

Type I for enedurance and type II for sprinting

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle is used for energy during rest for what?

A
  • maintaining electrolytes and Ca gradients via ATP pumps
  • maintaining amino acid gradients
  • replacing fuel stores lost via oxidation
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14
Q

during the fed state, what is the most important tissue for removal of blood glucose following high CHO meal?

A

Skeletal muscle

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15
Q

What do skeletal muscles use as energy during rest?

A

they oxidize a mixture of fat and carbohydrates

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16
Q

during the fed state, what is the main source of energy for skeletal muscles?

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

high plasma glucose level during the fed state leads to rapid uptake of what by skeletal muscles? what does this process depend on?

A

rapid uptake of glucose by skeletal muscles (insulin dependent GLUT4)

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18
Q

what is glucose uptaken by the muscles used for?

A

glycogen synthesis and energy (fuel)

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19
Q

why is there no fat mobilization during the fed state in skeletal muscles?

A

because insulin inhibits lipolysis and stops fat mobilization and insulin is high during the fed state

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20
Q

during the fasting state, what is the main energy source for skeletal muscles?

A

Fat (80-90%)

21
Q

why do we observe a reduction in glucose uptake in skeletal muscles when the body is in fasting state?

A

because the insulin levels are low and there are therefore less GLUT4 transporters

22
Q

when does mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue occur? why?

A

during the fasting state because their are low levels of insulin which activates HSL

23
Q

What are the three different energy systems that supply ATP for skeletal muscles during exercise?

A
  1. ATP-CP (creatine phosphate) system
  2. Lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolysis)
  3. Aerobic system (aerobic glycolysis, TCA, B-oxidation)
24
Q

what are some characteristics of the creatine phosphate or ATP-CP system?

A
  • uses high energy bond of creatine P together with ATP
  • muscle concentration of CP is limited and is diminished after 15-25 seconds of heavy exercise (short time period)
  • beneficial for high intensity exercise for short duration (100m sprinting)
25
Q

what are some characteristics of the lactic acid system?

A
  • involves glycolytic pathway and production of limited ATP by complete anaerobic breakdown of glucose to lactate
  • muscle glycogen is the main source of glucose
  • rapidly produces ATP (but limited amount) for high intensity exercise
  • main supplier after ATP from CP is depleted
  • important for high intensity events lasting from 20-75 seconds
  • lactic acid removed by the liver and other tissues
26
Q

what are some qualities of the aerobic system?

A
  • involves the TCA cycle (carbs, fats and proteins are completely oxidized)
  • very efficient in producing ATP
  • main supplier of ATP for exercises lasting longer than 2-3 minutes
  • oxygen required
27
Q

what are the four major sources of fuel during exercise?

A
  • muscle glycogen
  • plasma glucose
  • plasma fatty acids
  • intra-muscular triglycerides
28
Q

what does the contribution of the 4 sources for fuel during exercise depend on?

A
  • intensity and duration of exercise
  • level of exercise training
  • initial muscle glycogen level
  • supplementation with CHO during exercise
29
Q

A very intense exercise would require more of which source of fuel?

A

more glycogen

30
Q

the longer the exercise is the more you will need of this fuel source?

A

glycogen

31
Q

As exercise intensity increases, utilization of what fuel sources increases?

A

utilization of CHO and fat as energy sources increases

32
Q

As exercise intensity increases up to 65%, oxidation of what increases? what happens to VO2 max?

A

Fat (tiglycerides)

VO2 max then decreases

33
Q

when do oxidation of both plasma glucose and muscle glycogen increase?

A

as exercise intensity increases from low to moderate to high

34
Q

At higher exercise intensity, which fuel source provides more than 50% of energy used by muscle?

A

glycogen

35
Q

ingestion of CHO source (mixture of glu & fru) ________ glucose oxidation.

A

INCREASE

36
Q

how is intensity of muscular work defined?

A

can be defined relative to maximum aerobic capicaty (VO2 max)

37
Q

what is VO2 max?

A

VO2 max = max volume of O2 consumption

38
Q

what is the VO2 max for low intensity, moderate and high intensity exercises?

A

low intensity= 25% (2-30%)
moderate =60%
high= 80%

39
Q

in low intensity exercise where does most energy come from?

A

from muscle triglycerides and blood free fatty acids

40
Q

if a low intensity exercise goes on for an over extended period of time (ex: 2hours) what replaces plasma fatty acids?

A

plasma fatty acids are replaced by fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue

41
Q

Fatty acids are the favored energy substrates for intensities up to what % of VO2 max?

A

up to 50%

42
Q

what happens during a moderate intensity exercise (65% VO2 max) ex: running for 1-3 hours?

A
  • total fatty acid oxidation increases due to oxidation of muscle triglycerides
  • plasma fatty acid and muscle triglycerides contribute equally to energy expenditure
  • fat can’t be oxidized rapidly enough to provide needed energy
  • carbohydrates provide half of required energy
43
Q

what happens during strenuous exercise (85% VO2 max)?

A
  • sharp increase in the contribution of carbohydrates (more)
  • blood glucose and muscle glycogen become the main sources of ATP
  • blood glucose lvl decreases during exercise due to rapid uptake by muscle and depletion of liver glycogen
  • hypoglycemia postponed by inhibiting muscle glucose uptake
  • high rate of carbohydrate catabolism can lead to lactate accumulation due to insufficient oxygen supple
44
Q

what is diabetes?

A

A disease when the body is unable to metabolize glucose

45
Q

what are the two types of diabetes?

A
  • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (TYPE 1)

- non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (TYPE 2)

46
Q

which is the most common type of diabetes?

A

TYPE 2

47
Q

what are the characteristics of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • target tissues are resistant to insulin (post-binding abnormalities)
  • compromised synthesis or mobilization of cell’s glucose transporters
  • in skeletal muscles, glucose transporters fail to trans-locate to the plasma membrane
  • in adipose tissues, depletion in mRNA of glucose transporters
  • Insulin resistance in obesity is similar to that in adipocytes
  • at later stages of NIDDM, pancreas losses its ability to produce insulin
48
Q

what are the characteristics of type 1 diabetes (IDDM)?

A
  • inability of B cells (pancreas) to produce and secrete insulin
  • and autoimmune disease (B cells are targeted by immune response)

Fundamentals of Nutrition (14 decks)

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