inter-organ flow of amino acids Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to NH3 in extrahepatic (not liver) tissues?

A

NH3 combines with glutamate to form glutamine

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2
Q

what catalyzes this reaction: NH3 + glutamate= glutamine

A

glutamine synthetase (requires ATP and Mg2+)

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3
Q

what enzyme catbolizes glutamine?

A

glutaminase

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4
Q

during what state does liver glutaminase increase and NH3 is produced?

A

in the absorptive state

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5
Q

in what conditions does renal (kidney) glutaminase increase?

A

in acidotic conditions

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6
Q

what is another amino acid that is important for transporting amino groups between tissues?

A

alanine

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7
Q

which 6 amino acids are catabolized in the skeletal muscles?

A
  1. aspartate
  2. asparagine
  3. glutamate
  4. leucine
  5. isoleucine
  6. valine
    V-I-L-A-A-G
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8
Q

what enzymes do muscles posses?

A

branched-chain aminotransferases (transaminases)

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9
Q

what type of amino acids are oxidized in the muscles ?

A

transaminated branched amino acids

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10
Q

what amino acid is produced in large quantities in the muscles?

A

Glutamine

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11
Q

what is used in the muscles for energy source for contracting muscles ? (hint: it is made in the kidneys and liver from 2 amino acids)

A

Creatine (made in kidneys and liver from Arg & Gly)

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12
Q

what are creatine and creatin phosphorus converted to ? where is this secreted?

A

Creatinine –> secreted in urine

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13
Q

which amino acids are metabolized in the kidneys?

A

glycine, alanine, glutamine, phenyalanine, & aspartate

P-A-A-G-G

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14
Q

kidenys are a major site for synthesis of what amino acids?

A

arginine, histidine, serine

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15
Q

what does ammonia generated from glutamine do in the kidneys?

A

deamination –> helps normalize blood pH

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16
Q

kidneys remove what nitrogenous compounds?

A

urea, creatinine, uric acid, NH3

17
Q

in the kidneys histidine is synthesized from what?

A

carnosine

18
Q

the brain has a transport system for which types of amino acids?

A
  • neutral
  • basic and dibasic
  • dicarboxylic
19
Q

what two amino acids are precursors for several hormones (melatonin) & neurotransmitters (serotonin) synthesized in the brain?

A

tryptophan and tyrosine