Sport + Society Flashcards
1
Q
What is CHANNELING racism ?
A
is ethnics minorities may be pushed into certain sports based on assumptions about them
- e.g. Asian to cricket from football
2
Q
How did the British Empire influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
A
Young boys educated to become leaders of the empire to spread the playing of the game
- Teachers - developed teams + taught traditional sporting values
- Factory owners - game time off to play competitive nationally
- Clergy - took sport aboard
- Officials - spread through empire
- Diplomats - travelled the world
3
Q
What are Sport England key principles ?
A
- more money/resources - decrease inactivity
- investments more in children
- help stay or start being active
- sport more welcoming + inclusive
- support local authorities + funds
4
Q
What are the ways Sport can have an impact on society ?
A
- highlight inequalities
- influencing our ideas/beliefs about masculinity/femininity
- influencing our ideas/beliefs about races/ethnicity
- influencing our ideas on ability/disability
- contributes to our sense of national pride/social integration
- target social problems such as unemployment, crime + inequalities - eliminate social exclusion
5
Q
How is Globalisation seen in Sport ?
A
- sponsorship of events e.g. Coca-Cola
- recruiting players for teams from different countries
- spreading of different sports to new nations e.g. 1994 USA world cup
- increasing pressure of athletes to perform their best - could lead to illegal drugs to maintain high levels
6
Q
What are the SOLUTIONS for DISABILITY to participation ?
A
- increase technology
- provide more opportunities for success
- increase investment in disabled sport - affordable
- provide transport to/around facilities
- train more specialist coaches - more clubs
- increase media coverage - more role models
- educate more people about myths/stereotypes
7
Q
What is SOCIAL CLASS ?
A
the term used to define social inequalities
- can affect two major of childhood :
1) School
2) Sports clubs
8
Q
What is Secondary Socialisation ?
A
is Socialisation in the later years (teenager) from peer groups, school or friends - know as agencies
- help learn transferable skills such as teamwork
- can influence how to act as a certain gender
9
Q
What is SOCIAL CHANGE ?
A
is a alteration in the social order of society
- long term effect e.g. leisure centres have creches for children so women can participate
- e.g. KICK IT OUT campaign to increase awareness of racial issues - use role models to educate
10
Q
What is an Professional ?
A
a person who plays sport for financial gain
11
Q
What is Media ?
A
A organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly
12
Q
what are the Advantages and Disadvantages of commercialism on the Spectators ?
A
POSITIVE - more sport - higher standard of performer - better stadiums - rules changed - greater awareness NEGATIVE - increase cost - merchandise is expensive - events moved/rescheduled - events interrupted - nature of game altered
13
Q
What was the Rationalisation + Development of Lawn Tennis ?
A
- was invented by the Middle class as wasn’t allowed to play real tennis - Major Wingfield - 1874
- played/organised by the middle class
- private clubs with walls and hedges (excluded)
- Suited middle class Suburban housing with lawned gardens
- use of standardised rules + specialist equipment
- played by males and females
- Public provision - spread to working class
- Wimbledon - 1877
- First female participation - 1884 ( but minimal effot)
14
Q
What is SOCIETY ?
A
is an organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
- e.g. people in country normally have same society - America - capitalist and North Korea - communist
15
Q
What is MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY ?
A
the movement characterised by a belief in manliness, the moral and physical beauty of athleticism, teamwork, discipline and self-sacrifice
16
Q
Difference in a GENTLEMAN AMATEUR and a WORKING CLASS PROFESSIONAL ?
A
GENTLEMAN AMATEUR e.g. rugby union - upper/middle class - wealthy - a-lot of free time - no desire to train - high morality - taking part/fair-play WORKING CLASS PROFESSIONAL e.g. rugby league - working class - poor - very little time - committed to training - low morality - winning, bribing and cheating
17
Q
What are the HEALTH benefits of raising participation in sport ?
A
- decrease risk of heart disease/stoke
- avoid high/low blood pressure
- decrease risk of type 2 diabetes + obesity
- strengthen bones + muscles - no Osteoporosis
- decrease risk of cancer
18
Q
what are the Advantages and Disadvantages of commercialism on the Officials ?
A
POSITIVE - technology can assist decision NEGATIVE - technology takeover - reduce value of the role of an official
19
Q
What are the SOCIAL benefits of raising participation in sport ?
A
- increase chemical serotonin - feel good
- improve sleeping pattern
- better mood - improve concentration
- increase self-esteem + improve confidence
- new friendships + increase social integration
20
Q
What were the Positive impact of Modern day Amateurism ?
A
- code of amateurism - set rules
- code of ethics - sportsmanship
- viewed positively + promoted in different ways e.g. Fair play award
- rugby union maintain standards e.g. calling referee ‘Sir’
21
Q
What is a INDUSTRIAL PATRONAGE ?
A
is kind factory owners becoming 'patrons of sport' for the working class by providing support for them to participate in various ways - e.g. teams set up, sporting facilities, excursions etc
22
Q
What is Sponsorship ?
A
is when a company pays for it products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of its goods
23
Q
How did Urbanisation influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
A
Lack of space - purpose built facilities Large working class population - need entertaining through mass spectator numbers Loss of traditional sport - new sports emerged Change in working conditions - improvement caused participation/attendance numbers to increase
24
Q
How did Communication influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
A
As education improved for the working class - the rules improved
- more literate
- media improved awareness of sport e.g. fixtures
- role models
25
What is SOCIAL PROCESSES ?
is forms of social interactions between individuals and groups which occurs again and again
- e.g. conflict, integration, co-operation etc.
26
How is Social Class displayed in School ?
Schools have better facilities depending of the area
| - low-income families tend to have poorer health which affect physical ability/skill level
27
What are the SOLUTIONS for ETHNICITY to participation ?
- train more ethnic coaches
- single sex provision if required
- punish racial abuse
- organisation of campaigns against racism in sport e.g KICK IT OUT
- ensuring PE provision is appropriate
28
What was the Rationalisation + Development of Track + Field
- Urbanisation - purpose built facilities
- still has wagering + class division
- 1866 - Amateur Athletics Club (AAC) by ex-public school + ex-uni men to get respect, no wagering so no money earning athletes or WC allowed
- 1880 - remove the Exclusion Clause for AAA so open sport to everyone
- no women till Olympics 1928 but not above 800m (too strenuous)
29
How did the Church influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
REASONS :
- it encouraged social control - remove violence + gambling . healthy body means healthy mind
- Ex-school boys promoted MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY
- it promoted Christian Values - Clergy viewed sport as chance to increase attendance at church
HOW
- organised teams + competitions e.g. Aston Villa
- provided facilities - church hall/field
- Clergy gave encouragement by their approval + active involvement
30
What does Sport England aim to increase ?
- physical well-being
- mental well-being
- individual development
- social + community development
- economical development
31
How did SECOND HALF of the Industrial Revolution influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
SECOND HALF - Positive effect on sport :
- health + hygiene improved
- increases in wages
- cheaper to travel
- improvement in travel - leagues established
- influence of Ex-pubic school-boys (setting up teams)
- introduce the middle class (pubic provision)
- value of Athleticism spread
- INDUSTRIAL PATRONAGE
32
What is RACISM ?
is a set of beliefs/ideas based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others
- it may lead to physical or verbal abuse
33
What are the characteristics of Popular Recreation ?
- communications + transport limited = RESTRICTED TO LOCAL AREAS
- widespread illiteracy = SIMPLE + BASIC RULES - LACK OF CODIFICATION
- lived in countryside/rural areas - NATURAL RESOURCES
- cruel + violence - MALE DOMINATED - WAGERING
- limited free time - PLAYED OCCASIONALLY - FESTIVALS
- class division - ONLY CERTAIN SPORTS E.G. MOB FOOTBALL
34
What was the Rationalisation + Development of Association Football ?
- Urbanisation - purpose built facilities
- more free time - Saturday 3pm
- more disposable income - pay for matches
- improve transport
- increased professionalism
- social call link - know as the peoples game
- increased organisation - ex-school boys FA-1863
35
What was the Modern Day Development of Tennis ?
- Majors began for Amateurs
- Professional Tournaments stared in 1920
- OPEN ERA - when professionals were allowed to compete along amateurs and earn money - 1968
- still seen as middle class - dress code
- open era witnessed inequalities in prize money
- men - £2000 and women - £750 - 1968
- 2007 - equality for women by WTA
36
How is Social Class displayed in Sports clubs ?
```
Working class expectations on children e.g. household chores affect involvement in extra-curricular
- depends on Economic inequality
```
37
What is an Amateur ?
a person who plays sport for the love of the game and not for financial gain
38
What are the characteristics of Rational Recreation ?
- regular + national played
- non-violent
- based on sportsmanship + fair play
- strict + complex rules (NGB's)
- referees + officials
- purpose build facilities
- skill + tactic based
39
What is the SOCIAL ACTION THEORY ?
is a way of viewing socialisation, emphasising the proactive role of people in shaping social life
- stress the fact that people can intervene in social processes and change them
- Progression - gradually developing towards a more advanced state
40
What was the BOSMAN RULING ?
It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer fee being paid
- a decision concerning freedom of movement for workers
- 1995 in European Court of Justice
41
What is STEREOTYPE ?
is a standardised image or belief shared by a society
| - a simple generalisation about all members of a group which allows others to categorise and treat them accordingly
42
What is STACKING racism ?
is the disproportionate concentration of ethnics in certain positions within sport teams e.g. captain
- Physically ability > decision-making ability
43
What is Sport England and their purpose ?
is a NGB which target is to increase participation in sport
- work with national/local partners
- new strategy - 'Towards Active Nation' (2016-21)
44
What is the Industrial Revolution ?
the change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into a industrialized, machine based, capitalist society controlled by the middle class
45
What was the Emergence of Elite Female sport in Association Football ?
- equal opportunities - Sex Discrimination act passed
| - incresed in media coverage
46
What are the Social-cultural Influences of Sport in Industrial + Post-Industrial Britain (1780-1900) ?
- Industrial Revolution
- Urbanisation
- Transport Revolution
- Communication
- Influence of Church
- Emergence of the Middle class
- British Empire
- Pubic Provision
- Development of National Government Bodies
47
what are the Advantages and Disadvantages of commercialism on the Performers ?
```
POSITIVE
- full time job
- money + fame
- other opportunities
NEGATIVE
- play for the money
- play for more often so injury/short career
- social media abuse
```
48
What was the Modern Day Development of Track + Field ?
- major interest in Athletics - 1948 London Olympics but Athletics had strict rules
- Trust funds eventually established -governing bodies channeled payments - living conditions
- Now, Money directly to athlete or agent
- IAAF
- end of twentieth century - number of major competitions for male + females
- Diamond League - 2010
- Major sponsorship - Nike + Adidas
49
What is an example of Social Stratification ?
```
In the school type ; either state or private
- greater access for the upper class e.g horse-riding which is expensive
```
50
How did Transport Revolution influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
development of transport caused develop in sport
- movement of teams + spectators - further travel
- access to different areas - national leagues
- cheaper travel - more WC spectators
- access to countryside - rural games
51
What is Commercialism ?
is the process of attempting to gain money from sport
| - commercials + media
52
What are the characteristics of Amateurism ?
- manliness
- appreciating the value of health/fitness benefits
- appreciating rule-regulated sports
- high moral integrity
53
What are the characteristics of Commercial Sport ?
- professional sport
- sponsorship + business
- entertainment
- contracts e.g. involving sales of merchandise + bidding for tv rights
- athletes as commodiates e.g. asset to companies through product endorsement
- widespread coverage
54
What were the Positive impact of Amateurism ?
- code of amateurism - set rules
- code of ethics - sportsmanship
- social elite - love for sport
- high regards for all rounder
- participation > winning
- amateur were the elite performers
- new middle class admired cultural values
55
What are Sociology's main concerns ?
1) examining the interaction + interdependence of the way we live in groups + how we interact
2) examining how humans behaviour becomes controlled via family members, friends etc.
56
What is Popular Recreation ?
is sports and pass-times associated with the lower class in pre-industrial Britain
57
What was the Golden Triangle ?
A link between sport, business and media
| - they are all strongly interlinked so they dependent on each other
58
What is PREJUDICE ?
is the unfavourable opinion of an individual or group, often based on inadequate facts (insufficient)
59
What are the BARRIERS for DISABILITY to participation ?
- negative self image or lack of confidence - stereotypes
- low income levels
- lack of access into/around facilities
- lack of organised programmes
- low media coverage - few role models
- lack of specialism coaches + equipment
60
How has Sport England impact Gender Sport ?
- 2015 - I WILL IF YOU WILL - 2.5 million funds
- funds via the WSFF
- 20 active projects - tackle gender gap in sport
- 2015 - THIS GIRL CAN - media publicity
61
What was the Emergence of Elite Female sport in Track + Field ?
- Treatment is still different in modern times
- Marathon - 1984
- Triple Jump + Hammer throw - 1996/2000
- Diamond League - same prize money
62
What are the BARRIERS for ETHNICITY to participation ?
- education > participation from family
- fear of racial abuse
- conflict with religion observances
- fewer role models to aspire to
- stereotypes - CHANNELING
- language barriers
63
What is Urbanisation ?
is when large amount of people migrated + moved form rural areas into towns + cities, seeking regular work in factories
64
What were the features of EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY Amateurs ?
- best performers (top of the NGB's)
- high status
- controllers of sport
- middle/upper classes were majority
- highly moral - fair play
65
What are the FITNESS benefits of raising participation in sport ?
- improve posture + body composition
- improved cardiovascular fitness
- improved muscular strength/endurance
- improved flexibility + balance + agility
- improved reaction time + speed + power
66
How has Sport England invested into NGB's ?
It submitted the WHOLE SPORT PLAN to Sport England (2013-17)
- detailing how invest money to help increase the number of young people playing their sport
- e.g rowing - Row-ability - develop partnerships with disabled organisations
67
How has Sport England impact Disability Sport ?
- 2015 - PLACES PEOPLE PLAY - 10.2 million funds
- inclusive sport - increase young disabled people participating
- GET EQUIPPED - specialist equipment funded
68
What are the BARRIERS for WOMEN to participation ?
- stereotypes barriers - CHANNELING
- less media coverage - less role models
- pressure to be thin as opposed to healthy
- fewer sponsorship opportunities
- negative impact of school PE programmes
- lack of leisure time due to work
69
What was the Emergence of Elite Female sport in Association Football ?
- 1966 - England world cup
- 1969 - WTA was formed
- 1971 - set up the FA cup
- 2011 - Women super league formed
- 2012 - forst Olympic team
- 2013-18 - Game changer - increase media focus
70
What is a PHILANTHROPISTS ?
kind, generous, middle class individuals who has a social conscience and were keen to try to provide a better life for the working classes
71
How did Pubic Provision influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
The local council provision of facilities for the masses
- increase participate
- social control + improve hygiene
- improve productivity at work - less illnesses
72
What are the Social-Cultural Factors that influenced women's participation in football ?
- equal opportunities - Sex Discrimination act passed
- increased in media coverage - women super league
- more female role models in high rules
- approval/encouragement via the FA
- more clubs formed
- more funding + free time
- more provision via school PE programmes
73
What is INTERNALISATION ?
is learning values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
74
What is Primary Socialisation ?
is Socialisation in the early childhood from immediate family
- this is where INTERNALISATION occurs
- behaviour patterns + copy family sport
75
What are the Social-cultural features of life in Pre-Industrial Britain (Pre-1780) ?
- communications + transport limited
- widespread illiteracy
- lived in countryside/rural areas
- cruel + violence - norms of lower class
- limited free time
- class division based on FEUDAL SYSTEM
76
What is EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ?
is treating people fairly, giving people the same chance
77
what are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Media on Sport ?
```
POSITIVE
- inspire participation from role models
- increase awareness of minority sports
- media careers developed
- funding
- sports more fairer due to replays etc.
- stereotypes broken
NEGATIVE
- too much sport of tv
- too much pressure
- winning is everything
- bad role models
- media intrusions + demands
- pay so not available to everyone
- change aspects
- minority sports limited
```
78
what are the effects of commercialism on Sport ?
- rules + scoring systems have been changed or introduced to speed up the action + prevent spectator boredom e.g. multi-ball in football
- breaks extended so sponsor can advertise there products and services
- competition formats has changed e.g. Twenty20
- women sport receive less coverage
- increase use of technology through media led to more personal experience for the viewers e.g. HD coverage
79
What are the BARRIERS + SOLUTIONS to participation ?
```
BARRIERS
- Lack of time
- Lack of motivation
- Lack of resources
- Lack of Skill
- Negative social influence
- Family obligations
SOLUTIONS
- add physical activity to daily routine
- invite friend/family to exercise with
- select activity requiring few facilities + limited equipment
- select activity requiring few or no skill
- invite friend/family to exercise with
- exercise with children
```
80
How did FIRST HALF of the Industrial Revolution influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
FIRST HALF - Negative effect on sport :
- H - poor hygiene + health
- I - lack of income
- T - lack for time
- F - facility provision was lacking
- O - overcrowding - lack of space
- R - loss of rights
81
What is the Feudal System ?
a way to structure society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service/labour
82
What does less coverage of Women sport cause ?
- less participation
- less funding
- less role models
83
What were the features of MODERN DAY Amateurs ?
- tend to be lower classes
- high-level performers still not professionals e.g. gymnasts
- blurring of amateur + professionals e.g. equal/achievements based on merit
- top levels in sport open to all
- amateur can receive financial gain for training
84
What were the features of MODERN DAY Professionals ?
- all classes can compete - social classes no longer a barrier
- respected for talent + efforts
- highly rewarded for playing professionals
- celebrity status
- positive role models
- more spectators attend matches
85
How did the Emergence of the Middle class influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
- CODIFICATION - gradual organisation + defining the rules - led to NGB's development
- set up competitions + leagues
- pubic provision - publiv facilites e.g. park
- PHILANTHROPISTS
- move to professionalism
86
What is DISCRIMINATION ?
is the unfair treatment of a person or group, distinguishing and acting on a prejudice
1) OVERT - visible e.g verbal abuse
2) COVERT - hidden e.g. non-selection
87
What are examples of racism ?
1) STACKING
| 2) CHANNELING
88
What was Lawn tennis ?
a sport played with racquets and a ball, originally called Sphairistike
89
What are the SOLUTIONS for WOMEN to participation ?
- sex discrimination act passed - 1975
- increase sponsorship/media
- encourage shared domestic roles
- improve PE provision - reject stereotypes
- social acceptable of women having jobs with better incomes
- support organisations e.g. WSFF
90
What were the Positive impact of Professionalism ?
- broken-time payments emerged
- standards rise
- played for financial gain
- employment from factories based on talent
- commercialism + media coverage
- earning seen as social mobility
91
What were the factors affecting the Emergence of elite female officials in football ?
First women official was Wendy Toms - breakthrough was slow
Development pathway from 7-1 (trainee to Premier league referee)
- more female role models in high rules
- approval/encouragement via the FA
- general equality in society - recognition of women's ability
- FA respect campaign - improve referees respect from players
92
What is SOCIALISATION ?
is a lifelong process whereby members of society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in society
- Primary
- Secondary
93
What was the development of the Wenlock Olympian Games ?
1) 1850 - the WARS society resolved to form a call called the Olympian class
- set up to promote moral and physical improvements especially in the lower class
2) the driving force behind the Wenlock Olympian Games was Dr Brookes
- first games included a mixture of athletics + traditional games such as cricket + football etc.
- there was fun games two e.g. 'the old women race'
- celebrations were key e.g. flag bearers
3) 1867 - a range of new athletic events were included
4) 1890 - De Coubertin inspired by Dr Brookes so established IOC + reformed to modern olympic games in Athens - 1896
94
What is a INEQUALITY and what causes it ?
is the unfair situation where resources + opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society
CAUSES :
- M - money
- R - role models
- M - myths
- C - confidence
Causes consequence of lower participation levels in sport from certain groups
95
How did the Development of National Government Bodies influence the development of Rational Recreation ?
- more leagues + fixtures
- more clubs formed
- maintain amateur ideal
- threat of professionalism + commercialism
- codification required (different versions in schools)
e. g. FA - 1863
96
Who does Social control affect Women Participation ?
Well historically society was male dominate - restricted women involvement - Women's pressure :
- look feminine
- stay at home with the children
- ensure acceptable behaviour
97
What is the INTERACTIONIST APPROACH of the social action theory ?
it the study of how people behave within a society
- it stress that people have an active role in shaping society
- the way we communicate + interact are emphasised
- see sport as an essential part of society 's make up
98
What is Globalisation ?
is the process whereby nations are increasingly being link together and people are becoming more interdependent via improvements in communication + travel
99
What are the characteristics of Real Tennis ?
- played by the upper class
- complex + written rules
- high moral code - no violence
- played regularly in leisure time
- expensive purpose build facilities + specialised equipment
- not localised
100
What are the Minority (target) groups of society ?
- WOMEN
- DISABILITY
- ETHNICITY
101
What is SOCIAL CONTROL ?
is the concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
- made up of different institutions - undertake different social processes
102
What is SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ?
is a type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristics, such as wealth or social status
103
How does Sport England link with Local Partners ?
It invest in 49 CSP's - County sport partnerships
- increase participation through organisations, NGB's and local authorities
- Sport England fund local partners
104
What are the different types of media ?
- TV - most powerful aspect as buying + selling of tv broadcasting rights
- New-papers
- Interent
- Social media
105
What are SOCIAL ISSUES ?
is problems that affects a considerable amount of people in a society
- normally caused by a INEQUALITY
106
What impact does social media have on Sport ?
- change behaviour of performers + fans
- create excitement
- fans prefer to get sport news through media
- performers build up fan base - wider audience
- social media can cause trouble
107
How does Sport England link with National Partners ?
Work with a number of nationally funded partners :
- EFD's - England Federation of Disability Sport
- Sporting Equals - improve ethnic diversity
- Women In Sport (WSFF)
- StreetGames - affordable sport
108
Why was Mob Football Banned ?
- violent
- injuries + deaths
- damage to properties
- gambling
- link to alcohol consumption
