Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards
What is Blood pressure ?
it is the force exerted by the blood against the vessel walls ( blood flow x resistance )
1) Systolic pressure - when ventricles are contracting
2) Diastolic pressure - when ventricles are relaxing
- exercise = heart contract more force so higher pressure causing more oxygen
What is the Nervous system for ?
has the SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC which transmit information from the brain (CNS) to the body (muscles and glands)
What does Physical activity have an affect on (FITNESS) ?
- Heart rate (HR) - the number of heart beats in a minute
- Stoke Volume (SV) - the volume of blood pumped by the heart ventricle in each contraction
- Cardiac Output (Q) - the volume of blood pumped by the heart ventricle per minute
Q = HR X SV
What is a Motor Unit ?
is a motor neurone and its muscle fibres ( one type of fibre in one unit )
What is Sub-Maximal oxygen deficit ?
when there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy aerobically
What is Tetanus contraction ?
is a sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of high frequency stimulations
What bones are at the SHOULDER and what joint type is it ?
Ball and Socket - joint type
- Humerus
- Scapula
- Clavicle
What is VO2 MAX test ?
is the measure of VO2 MAX e.g. bleep test (20s) - reach exhaustion - level compared standard results table
- other tests are ‘Harvard step test’ and ‘12 minute copper run’ - only give indication
- more valid + reliable test - DIRECT GAS ANALYSIS
What is Vasodilation ?
is the widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries
How does Body Composition affect VO2 max ?
A higher percentage of body fat can reduce VO2 MAX
How does ATP supply energy to the body ?
The enzyme ATP-ase breaks down ATP to produce ADP + Pi + energy
What are the factors affecting the Cardiac Conduction system ?
1) Neural control mechanism
2) Hormonal control mechanism
What does oxygen in the capillaries diffuse into the muscles during exercise ?
3% into Plasma
97% combine with HAEMOGLOBIN (iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells) to form OXYHAEMOGLOBIN ( fully saturated - four molecoles of O2)
What is Wave Summation ?
is repeated nerve impulses (twitches) with no little to relax so smooth sustained contractions occur - force increases
What is the ALL OR NONE LAW ?
is where a sequence of impulses has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract
What do the Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system do ?
they both control the heart rate
1) Sympathetic nervous system - INCREASE heart rate
2) Parasympathetic nervous system - DECREASE heart rate
they are both stimulated by receptors
What is the AV node ?
it relays the impulses between the up and low section of the heart
What are the three muscle fibre types ?
1) Type 1 - Slow Oxidative (SO) - endurance (aerobic)
2) Type 2a - Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG) - game player (anaerobic)
3) Type 2b - Fast Glycolytic (FG) - power (anaerobic)
What is the ATP generation in FAST TWITCH fibres ?
- anaerobic Glycolytic
- oxygen is not present so only 2 ATP produced
- production is fast - cannot last for long (fatigue)
What is involved in the Respirator system ?
1) Inspiratory system
receptors -> medulla -> Phrenic nerve -> Diaphragm + External intercostals
2) Expiratory system
receptors -> medulla -> Intercostal nerve -> Abdominals + Internal intercostals
How does Lifestyle affect VO2 max ?
Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and poor fitness can reduce VO2 MAX
What are the muscle and joint action at the Hip ?
- Flexion = Iliopsoas
- Extension = Gluteals
- Adduction = Adductors
- Abduction = Tensor fasciae latae + Min/Med Gluteals
- Horizontal Adduction = Adductors
- Horizontal Abduction = Tensor fasciae latae + Min/Med Gluteals
How does Anaerobic Glycolytic System Provide energy ?
- in the sarcoplasm part of the muscle cell
- glycogen -> glucose by GPP enzyme
- Glucose -> Pyruvic acid by PFK enzyme
- Pyruvic acid -> Lactic acid by LDH enzyme
What bones are at the ELBOW and what joint type is it ?
Hinge - joint type
- Radius
- Ulna
- Humerus
What is involved in the Electron transport chain Stage ?
is a series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria where hydrogen is oxidised to water and 34 ATP are produced
- hydrogen ions and electron
- hydrogen electrons provide 34 ATPs
What does measuring OBLA do ?
measuring OBLA gives an indication of endurance capacity
- higher levels of fitness = Delay OBLA/lactate threshold
What is Cardiovascular Drift ?
Cardiovascular Drift occurs during 10 minutes of exercise in a warm environment
- same intensity exercise
- Fluid loss to sweating
- reduction in plasma volume - increase blood viscosity
- reduction in Venous return
- Decrease SV
- Increase HR
- Increase Cardiac Output (more energy needed to cool body)
Cardiovascular Drift can be reduced by maintaining high fluid consumption
How does the Neural control mechanism affect heart rate ?
is the cardiac control centre which is found in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA part of the brain - regulates processes
1) Sympathetic nervous system
2) Parasympathetic nervous system
What is Bohr Shift ?
is when an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
- S-shape curve moves to the right
- during exercise - more oxygen transported to muscle so haemoglobin less saturated with oxygen quicker
What is the SA node ?
is a small mass of cardiac muscle that generates the heart rate - pacemaker
- send electrical signal through heart - wave of excitement
- cause atria to contract
What is HITT training ?
it involves short intervals of max intensity followed by low intensity recovery intervals
- anaerobic and aerobic zones
- improves fat burning potential + metabolism + anaerobic endurance
What are the Positive and Negatives of PNF ?
POSITIVE - very effective - allows adaptations NEGATIVE - Technical - misunderstood
What are the purpose of Blood Vessels ?
PULMONARY - transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
SYSTEMIC - transport oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and return deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Difference between Lactate and lactic acid ?
anaerobic exercise - produces lactic acid
- breakdown - releasing hydrogen ions then remains compounds combine with sodium/potassium ions to form the salt salt LACTATE
What is OBLA ?
ONSET BLOOD LACTATE ACCUMULATION
- the point when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre
- intensity increases = body unable to produce enough oxygen to break down lactate
What is Arterio-Venous Difference (A-VO2 diff) ?
the difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscle and the venous blood leaving the muscle
What happens at the muscle tissue during the transportation of oxygen ?
Oxygen is released from the Oxyhaemoglobin due to LOWER PRESSURE of oxygen there
- Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation
What does AGONIST muscle mean ?
the muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring
How is PNF put into practice ?
- partner stretches muscle to limit - detected my muscle spindles
- hold muscle to cause isometric contraction for 10 seconds - allow inhibitory signals to be sent by Golgi tendon organ - override muscle spindles
- allow the muscle to relax
- stretch the muscle further - increase the ROM
What affects the regulations of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) during exercise ?
respiratory system - controls the breathing rate - depth and speed
- neutral control
- chemical control
- hormonal control
What are the joint actions ?
1) Flexion or Extension
2) Adduction or Abduction
3) Horizontal Adduction or Horizontal Abduction
4) Hyper - Extension - increasing angle beyond 180 between the bones of a joint - shoulder/hip
Horizontal Adduction and Horizontal Abduction occur at what plane and axis ?
- Transverse Plane
- Longitudinal Axis
What is involved in the Glycolysis Stage ?
is the breakdown of GLUCOSE -> PYRUVIC ACID
- in the Sarcoplasm part of muscle cell - fluid surrounding nucleus
- one glucose -> two ATP
- oxidised into acetyl groups - carried by coenzyme A
What is EPOC ?
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption - O2 debt
- the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time
What receptors stimulate the cardiac control centre and what do they detect ?
1) CHEMOreceptor - detect increase blood acidity/CO2 levels
2) BAROreceptor - detect decease in blood pressure
3) PROPRIOceptor - detect increase in muscle movement
What the structure of the Heart ?
has a left atrium and ventricle and a right atrium and ventricle which are separated by the Septum wall
- left side larger due to Oxygenated blood pumped to body
What does Physical activity have an affect on cholesterol levels ?
there are two types of Cholesterol :
1) LDL (low-density lipoproteins)
- transport cholesterol to tissues - BAD
- increase risk of heart disease (CHD)
2) HDL (high-density lipoproteins)
- transport excess cholesterol back to liver to be breakdown - GOOD
- decrease risk of heart disease (CHD)
What the structure of the Respiratory System ?
Nose -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
What is involved in the glycogen replenishment (Slow replenishment) ?
it depends on the intensity of exercise
- takes long to replenish for long duration exercises
- CORI cycle - used to replenish
- speed up by high carbohydrate meal
- two nutrient windows after exercise
What are the three factors which increase Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation ( oxygen dissociate quicker) ?
1) increase in BLOOD TEMPERATURE
2) partial pressure of CO2 increases
3) decrease in pH levels
When and what the is the Anaerobic Glycolytic System ?
it re-synthesise ATP anaerobically
- last up to 3 minutes
- yield 1:2 ATP
What is the Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation curve ?
its Percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen / partial pressure of oxygen
- Tissue have low partial pressure so haemoglobin releases some oxygen to muscle
- Lungs have high partial pressure so haemoglobin fully saturated as no oxygen is released
What is a Hinge joint ?
it allows movement in only one direction ( flexion or extension)
Define Residual Volume how is it affect during exercise ?
the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum expiration
- remains the same
What happens when Eccentric contraction occurs ?
the Agonist and Antagonist muscle swap positions
What are the muscle and joint action at the Shoulder ?
- Flexion = Anterior Deltoid
- Extension = Latissimus Dorsi
- Adduction = Latissimus Dorsi + Posterior Deltoid
- Abduction = Supraspinatus + Medial Deltoid
- Horizontal Adduction = Pectorals
- Horizontal Abduction = Latissimus Dorsi
When and what the is the ATP-PC System ?
- uses PHOSPHOCREATINE as fuel
- is energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles
- breakdown very quickly
- yield 1:1 ATP
What is CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY ?
where the heart gets bigger and stronger due to thickening of the muscle wall
- increase SV as greater diastolic volume - lower RH
What is needed to increase strength of contraction ?
Single Twitch -> Wave Summation -> Tetanus Contraction
on the GRAPH
What Receptors are involved in the Expiratory system ?
the Stretch receptors which prevent over-reduce inflammation in lungs by sending impulses
Why is the redistribution of blood so important ?
- increase supply of oxygen to working muscles
- remove waste products from muscle e.g. lactic acid
- increase blood flow to skin - regulate body temperature
- increase blood flow to heart as its a muscle
- maintain constant blood flow to brain
What is Altitude training ?
is above 2500m over sea levels as O2 levels are low
- less O2 diffuses into blood so haemoglobin not fully saturated
- less O2 to working muscles means reduction in aerobic performance + VO2
What muscles are responsible for Inspiration ?
REST - Diaphragm - External Intercostal EXERCISE - Diaphragm - External Intercostal - Scalene - Pectoralis Major
Define Minute Ventilation how is it affect during exercise ?
the volume of air breathed in and out per minute
- increase
What are the muscle and joint action at the Knee ?
- Flexion = Hamstring
- Extension = Quadricep
What are the Functional characteristics of the muscle fibres ?
- Contraction Speed
- Contraction Force
- Fatigue Resistance
Define Partial Pressure ?
the pressure exerted by a individual gas within a mixture of gases
What bones are at the HIP and what joint type is it ?
Ball and Socket - joint type
- Ilium (Pelvis)
- Femur
What is the Purkinje Fibres ?
are muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles
- cause ventricle to contract
How the Neutral and Chemical control affects breathing rate during exercise ?
it involves the brain and the nervous system and chemical is concerned with blood acidity - work together
- acidity high -> impulses to brain to increase breathing rate
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic control breathing rate
What is VO2 MAX ?
is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute
What is Lactate Sampling ?
is the measure the levels of lactate in the blood - lactate accumulation
- plus helps measure lactate threshold (Fitter)
- regular testing = see improvements
- lower lactate level in test = increase in peak speed/power + recovery heart rate
What does ANTAGONIST muscle mean ?
the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist - helps produce a coordinated movement - relaces
- Antagonist and agonist muscles often occur in pairs, called antagonistic pairs
Where is the Respirator system ?
in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA
How does Gender affect VO2 max ?
Men generally have 20% higher VO2 MAX than women
What is the Bundle of His ?
is a collection of heart muscle cells that transmit impulses from the AV node to ventricle via bundle branches
Who does Lactate-producing capacity affect and What is Buffering ?
it affects sprint/power athletes - better anaerobic capacity
- BUFFERING - process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood/muscle
- work harder before fatigue sets in
- increase number of mitochondria and myoglobin
How does Physical activity have an affect on Stoke Volume ?
it depends on :
- venous return
- elastically of the cardiac fibres during DIASTOLE phase (fill) - STARLING’S LAW
What bones are at the KNEE and what joint type is it ?
Hinge - joint type
- Femur
- Tibia
What is Vasoconstriction ?
is the narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce the flow of blood into the capillaries
What does Articulating mean ?
This refers to the bones that meet and move at a joint
How does ATP-PC Provide energy ?
- anaerobic - without oxygen
- re-synthesises ATP when ENZYME CREATINE KINASE detects high levels of ADP (low ATP)
1) Phosphocreatine (PC) -> Phosphate (Pi) +Creatine (C) + energy
2) Energy -> Pi + ADP -> ATP - yield 1:1
What is a Motor neurone ?
is a nerve cells/impulses which as a neuromuscular junction - where the muscle neurone and the muscle fibres meet
What is ATP ?
it is the only useable form on energy in the body
- Adenosine Triphosphate
Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume how is it affect during exercise ?
the volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
- decrease
What is Gaseous Exchange ?
- is getting oxygen in air into the lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells of the body
- the removal of Carbon Dioxide from the blood
Different Duration of Energy systems ?
DURATION
1) <10 seconds (VRY HIGH INTENSITY)
- ATP-PC
2) 8-90 seconds (HIGH-VERY INTENSITY)
- ATP-PC + Anaerobic Glycolytic
3) 90-3 minutes ( HIGH INTENSITY)
- Anaerobic Glycolytic - Aerobic
4) >3 minutes ( LOW INTENSITY)
- Aerobic
What is Lactate threshold ?
The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood
- crossing point on aerobic -> anaerobic
What is Venous return ?
is the return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava
- during exercise venous return increases = increase SV
What is VO2 MAX ?
is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be utilised by the muscles per minute
- Lactate threshold is a percentage of VO2 max
- higher percentage means fitter performer
What is the gaseous exchange pathway of Carbon Dioxide and how is it achieved ?
Muscle -> Blood -> Alveoli
- achieved by the PARTIAL PRESSURE of CO2 in the Muscle being HIGHER to blood vessels so diffusion occurs
- opposite for O2 as partial pressure is lower than blood vessels
What does Physical activity have an affect on (HEALTH) ?
- heart disease
- high blood pressure
- stroke
- cholesterol levels
What are the Structure characteristics of the muscle fibres ?
- Size
- Colour
- Mitochondria density
- Glycogen stores
- Capillaries Density
What does Physical activity have an affect on high blood pressure ?
higher blood pressure can put extra strain on arteries and heart
- this can lead to heart attack + heart failure + kidney disease + stroke
- exercise can decrease blood pressure - decrease both systolic/diastolic
What is the gaseous exchange pathway of Oxygen and how is it achieved ?
Alveoli -> Blood -> Muscle
- achieved by the PARTIAL PRESSURE of O2 in the alveoli being HIGHER to blood vessels so diffusion occurs
- opposite for CO2 as partial pressure is lower than blood vessels
What is the ATP generation in SLOW TWITCH fibres ?
- aerobic system
- produces max amount of ATP available - 36 ATP
- production is slow - endurance based
What are the stages of the Cardiac Conduction system ?
SALLY - 1) SA node ALWAYS - atrial systole AIMS - 2) AV node BALLS - 3) Bundle of HIS PASS - 4) Purkinje fibres VICKY - ventricular systole
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Anaerobic Glycolytic System ?
POSITVE
- ATP re-synthesised quickly + last longer than ATP-PC
- in presence of oxygen Lactic acid converted back into liver
- used for sprint finish
NEGATIVE
- lactic acid- by product
- small amount of energy released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions
What are the two components of EPOC ?
1) Fast replenishment component
- restoration of ATP/Phosphocreatine (3 minutes )
- re-saturation of myoglobin with oxygen
2) Slow replenishment component
- removal of lactic acid
- maintenance of breathing and heart rates
- glycogen replenishment
- increase in body temperature
What does the Vascular system consist of ?
it consist of blood vessels
1) Veins - transport deoxygenated blood to the heart
- low pressure - widen lumen
2) Arteries - transport oxygenated blood around the body
- high pressure - smaller lumen
2) Capillaries - wide enough for one red blood to pass at given time - allow exchange of nutrients through diffusion
What are the Mechanics of Breathing ?
INSPIRATION - pressure in lungs need to be LOWER than in atmosphere
- caused by increasing the volume of the Thoracic Cavity (Chest)
EXPIRATION - pressure in lungs need to be HIGHER than in atmosphere
- caused by decreasing the volume of the Thoracic Cavity (Chest)
How do we control/vary the strength of contraction ?
- motor unit size
- more/less motor units
- larger/smaller motor units recruited
- increase rate of stimulation
- all or none law
- wave summation
- tetanus contraction
Define Expiratory Reserve Volume how is it affect during exercise ?
the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
- decrease
What is a Spirometer ?
a device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs
- has a graph of lung volume/ time - need to be able to label
How does the body constantly rebuild ATP ?
by converting ADP + Pi back into ATP
- we can RE-SYNTHESISE ATP from three different types of chemical reactions in the muscle cells
- the chemical reactions are fuelled by either food or Phosphocreatine (chemical in muscle)
What are the organs involved in PNF ?
1) Muscle Spindle - detects how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produces the stretch reflex (prevent injury)
2) Golgi Tendon Organ - are activated when tension is felt in the muscle
- sends inhibitory signals to the brain to allow the muscle to relax ( inhibition of the muscle reflex)
What does Physical activity have an affect on heart disease ?
is known as CHD - coronary heart disease
- build up of fatties deposits in arteries - narrow/harden - ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- caused by high blood pressure + cholesterol + lack of exercise
What are the muscle and joint action at the Ankle ?
- Plantar Flexion = Gastrocnemius
- Dorsi Flexion = Tibialis Anterior
As Lactate accumulates in the muscles, What else increases and causes acidity ?
It increases Hydrogen ions - acidity
- they slow down enzyme activity + affect breakdown of glycogen = FATIGUE
What is Muscular Hypertrophy ?
is where the muscle has become bigger and stronger
What are the two types of muscle contraction ?
They are Isometric and Isotonic
- muscles can only pull
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the ATP-PC System ?
POSITVE
- no fatiguing by -products
- ATP can be re-synthesised rapidly
- Phosphocreatine stores re-synthesised quickly (3mins- 100%)
NEGATIVE
- limited supply of Phosphocreatine (10s)
- yield is 1:1 ATP
- Phosphocreatine stores re-synthesised only take place in presence of Oxygen
What is Diffusion ?
the movement of gases from high concentration to low concentration
What are the Venous return mechanisms ?
1) Skeletal muscle pump
- muscle contracts + relaxes so muscle changes shape
- shape change = press on nearby veins + assist blood pump back to heart
2) Respiratory pump
- pressure in chest changes due to breathing in and out
- pressure change = press on nearby veins + assist blood pump back to heart
3) Pocket valves
- they close to prevent black flow
4) Smooth muscle
- in wall of veins which squeeze blood back to heart
5) Gravity
- assist blood flow back to heart from upper section
What is Isotonic contraction and the two types ?
is when a muscle contracts a creates a movement
1) Concentric
2) Eccentric
What is the impact of blood pressure on Venous return ?
increase is Systolic pressure causes a increase in Venous return
What the purpose of the values in the heart ?
they are present to prevent back flow of blood between atriums and ventricles
What are the muscle and joint action at the Elbow ?
- Flexion = Bicep
- Extension = Tricep
What is involved in the Removal of lactic acid (Slow replenishment) ?
- Removed by sweat + urine
- Converted into protein
- lactic convert back to pyruvate -> oxidation to water and CO2
- CORI CYCLE - process where lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen
What is Indirect Calorimetry ?
is the measuring of the production of CO2 and consumption of O2
- provides accurate estimate of energy expenditure through gas exchange
- CALORIMETRY - calculation of heat in physical changes and chemical changes
- enables to find main substrate being used e.g. fats or carbohydrates
- precise calculation of VO2/VO2 MAX
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the aerobic system ?
POSITIVE
- yield 1:36 ATP
- no fatiguing by-products
- lots of glycogen/triglyceride stores - long duration exercise
NEGATIVE
- complicated system - cannot be used straight away
- fatty acid transportation to muscles is low - requires 15% more O2 to be broken down than glycogen
What is SAQ training ?
SPEED - how fast move over specific distance
AGILITY - ability to move and position the body quickly while under control
- aim to improve multi-directional movement - neuromuscular system
- drills include zig-zag, ladders and introduce ball - specific - anaerobic sports
What are the four specialist training methods ?
1) Altitude training
2) Plyometrics training
3) SAQ training - Speed + Agility + Quickness
4) HITT training ( high intensity interval training)
What is Concentric contraction ?
is when the muscle shortens under tension (decrease in joint angle)
How is Oxygen stored in the muscle ?
is stored by MYOGLOBIN ( iron-containing pigment found in muscle fibres which have a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin)
- it stores the oxygen for the MITOCHONDRIA until its used by the muscles
What is Eccentric contraction ?
is when the muscle lengthens under tension (Increase in joint angle)
- acts like a brake
- negative work - working against gravity
What muscles are responsible for Expiration ?
REST - Diaphragm - External Intercostal (Passive - Relax) EXERCISE - Internal Intercostal - Abdominals
What is a DIRECT GAS ANALYSIS ?
it measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of CO2 that is expired
- is example of VO2 MAX test
- increasing on intensities on treadmills, rowing and ERGOMETER (stationary bikes)
- computer software compare volume/concentration
What bones are at the ANKLE and what joint type is it ?
Hinge - joint type
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Talus
What are the effects of Smoking on our Respiratory system `?
- irritation of trachea and bronchi
- increase mucus build up (due to Cilia damage) - causes smoker’s cough
- reduce lung function - reduce performance
- increase narrowing of bronchioles - breathlessness
- damaging cell lining - CILIA - are microscopic hair like projection that help sweep away fluid and particles
- damage alveoli - reduce efficiency of gaseous exchange
- increase risk of COPD
- increase carbon monoxide and tar in lungs
What are the purpose of the Alveoli’s ?
they are responsible for the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood - occur via DIFFUSION
- BOG - big surface area, one cell thick and good blood supply
What does Myogenic mean ?
is originating its own impulses in the muscle tissue
What is the Mitochondria ?
it is referred to as the Powerhouse of the cell as respiration and energy production occur there
How does Genetics affect VO2 max ?
Determine VO2 MAX - limits possible improvements
What the methods to measure energy expenditure ?
- measuring how much energy we use gives indication of the intensity of exercise and level of fitness
- providing feedback on effectiveness of a training programme (VIRL)
1) Indirect Calorimetry
2) Lactate Sampling
3) VO2 MAX test
4) Respiratory exchange ratio
What is Oxygen Consumption ?
is the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP
What is the Cardiac Conduction system ?
is a group of specialised cells located in the wall pf the heart which send electrical impulse to the cardiac muscle, causing it to contact
What does the Concentration Gradient represent ?
represent the speed of diffusion
- bigger/steeper gradient means faster diffusion
(higher pressure = higher concentration = diffusion more)
How does Training affect VO2 max ?
Improve up to 10/20% of VO2 MAX due to aerobic training
How does O2 deficit differ from Sub-Maximal to Maximal exercise ?
the higher the intensity of exercise the higher the oxygen deficit
- NEED TO KNOW GRAPH
How do muscle fibres recover and avoid fatigue ?
by SPATIAL SUMMATION - when the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size of the muscle motor unit
- change motor unit when one is weak
What is Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) ?
is the ratio of CO2 produced compared to O2 consumed
- information about what fuel usage during exercise e.g. fats, protein and carbohydrates
- RER = 1 / means carbohydrates used
- RER = 0.7 / means fats used
- RER > 1 / means anaerobic respiration (more CO2 than O2)
What is involved in the Krebs Cycle Stage ?
is a series of chemical reactions that take place using O2 in matrix of the Mitochondria
- PYRUVIC ACID combines with Acetyl Coenzyme A
- Beta Oxidation occurs - forms OXALOACETIC ACID
- coenzyme combines with oxaloacetic acid to form CITRIC ACID
- Oxidation Of citric acid - H+ removed and CO2 produced
- hydrogen ions passed to ETC
- produce 2 ATP molecules
What is the Parasympathetic nervous system ?
is REST or RELAX response - it slows everything down
What is a Ball and Socket joint ?
it allows movement in every direction
How does Physical activity have an affect on Cardiac Output ?
- at rest both trained and untrained person have same Cardiac Output
- during exercise
1) Trained athlete - larger Cardiac Output
2) Untrained athlete - Lower Cardiac Output
What is the Vascular shunt mechanism ?
The redistribution of cardiac output
- vasodilation
- vasoconstriction
Blood shunting - eating before exercise can reduce blood flow to working muscles
What is the Sympathetic nervous system ?
is FLIGHT or FIGHT response - it fires up the body for exercise
What is Starling’s Law ?
- increase in Venous Return
- greater diastolic filling volume
- cardiac muscle stretched
- greater force of contraction
- increase in EJECTION FRACTION - percentage of blood pumped out of left ventricle per beat
Adduction and Abduction occur at what plane and axis ?
- Frontal Plane
- Sagittal Axis
What are the factors that affect VO2 max (aerobic power) ?
- higher VO2 max -> greater endurance capacity ( delay OBLA longer
1) Lifestyle
2) Body Composition
3) Gender
4) Difference in age
5) Genetics
6) Training
7) Physiological factors
What are the effects of Exercise on our Respiratory system `?
- increase size of alveoli - increase surface area
- increase Oxyhaemoglobin -increase elasticity of pathways
- increase strength of muscle - increase efficiency of gaseous exchange
- increase oxygen available
- decrease breathing frequency ( like RH)
- increase maximum minute ventilation
- increase diffusion - increase aerobic performance
What is involved in the maintenance of breathing and heart rates (Slow replenishment) ?
requires extra oxygen
- assist recovery - replenish ATP + PC and re-saturate the myoglobin
How the Hormonal control affects breathing rate during exercise ?
it used a hormone called ADRENALINE - increases breathing rate in preparation for exercise
- increases in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
- anticipatory rise
Flexion and Extension occur at what plane and axis ?
- Sagittal Plane
- Transverse Axis
How does Difference in age affect VO2 max ?
As we get older VO2 MAX declines
What are the three energy systems which convert the fuel into energy ?
1) Aerobic System
2) ATP-PC System
3) Anaerobic Glycolytic System
- intensity and duration of exercise play a key role in deciding which system is used to provide energy
What are the advantage and disadvantages of Altitude training ?
POSITIVE - increase red blood cells - increase concentration of haemoglobin - increase blood viscosity - increase Capillarisation - enhanced oxygen transport - increase lactate tolerance NEGATIVE - expensive - sickness - difficult to train due to low levels of O2 - detraining ( low intensity at first) - benefits lost when return to sea level - physiological problems
Define Tidal Volume and how is it affect during exercise ?
the volume of air breathed in and out per breath
- increase
When and what the is the Aerobic System ?
is used when exercise is low intensity and oxygen supply is high and there are three stages to provide energy :
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron transport chain (ETC)
- yield 1:36 ATP
What is PNF stretching ?
is an advanced stretching technique - Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
What is BRADYCARDIA ?
where the resting heart rate is below 60b.p.m
How is the proportion on muscle fibres in muscles determined ?
they are genetically determined but relative proportion to certain muscles
How does affect Physiological factors VO2 max ?
- increase max cardiac output
- increase stroke volume
- lower resting heart rate
- increase myoglobin content
- increase lactate tolerance
- increase alveoli surface area
- increase number/size of mitochondria
What affect does exercise have on the Arterio-Venous Difference ?
The Arterio-Venous Difference INCREASES
- increase gaseous exchange ( more O2 in and CO2 out)
- trained athletes have higher A-VO2 diff
What is Plyometrics training ?
it involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power
- power + speed
- hopping, bounding, medicine ball
- muscle generate more force if previously been stretched e.g elastic band
- three phases of increasing force generated :
1) Eccentric phase - Eccentric contraction
2) Amortisation phase - short as possible to save energy
3) Concentric phase - Increased forced Concentric contraction
How does the muscle during exercise receive more oxygen ?
the blood vessels Vasodilation blood flow to the muscles as they require more oxygen and Vasoconstriction blood flow to non-essential organs
- Receptors detect = Sympathetic nerves increase = Vasodilation
What does Physical activity have an affect on stroke ?
a stroke is when the blood supply to the brain is cut off (no function)
1) ISCHAEMIC - caused by blot clots blockage
2) HAEMORTHAGIC - caused by weak blood vessels burst
- this can lead to brain injury + disability + death
- exercise can decrease risk of a stroke
Why does the heart rate increase before exercise ?
it is caused by ANTICIPATORY RISE - adrenaline
What is Plasma ?
is the fluid part of the blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them
What is a energy continuum ?
is which type of energy system is used for different types of physical activity and sport
- depends on duration + intensity
How does Physical activity have an affect on Heart rate ?
it increases with exercise
- maximum heart rate = 220 - age
- CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
- BRADYCARDIA
What Receptors are involved in the Inspiratory system ?
1) CHEMOreceptor - detect increase blood acidity/CO2 levels
2) BAROreceptor - detect decease in blood pressure
3) PROPRIOceptor - detect increase in muscle movement
What joint action occurs at the ankle ?
1) Dori-Flexion - pulling the toes up to shin
2) Plantar-Flexion - pointing the toes
What is the impact of a pressure gradient between right atrium and vena cava on venous return ?
- increasing right atrial pressure = DECREASE venous return
- decreasing right atrial pressure = INCREASE venous return
What is Isometric contraction ?
is when a muscle is under tension but their is no visible movement
What are the factors affecting the rate of LACTATE ACCUMULATION ?
1) Exercise intensity
2) Muscle fibres type used
3) Rate of blood lactate removal
4) Respiratory Exchange Ratio
5) Fitness of the performer
