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A-level Physical Education Year 1 > Anatomy + Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Blood pressure ?

A

it is the force exerted by the blood against the vessel walls ( blood flow x resistance )

1) Systolic pressure - when ventricles are contracting
2) Diastolic pressure - when ventricles are relaxing
- exercise = heart contract more force so higher pressure causing more oxygen

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2
Q

What is the Nervous system for ?

A

has the SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC which transmit information from the brain (CNS) to the body (muscles and glands)

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3
Q

What does Physical activity have an affect on (FITNESS) ?

A
  • Heart rate (HR) - the number of heart beats in a minute
  • Stoke Volume (SV) - the volume of blood pumped by the heart ventricle in each contraction
  • Cardiac Output (Q) - the volume of blood pumped by the heart ventricle per minute
    Q = HR X SV
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4
Q

What is a Motor Unit ?

A

is a motor neurone and its muscle fibres ( one type of fibre in one unit )

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5
Q

What is Sub-Maximal oxygen deficit ?

A

when there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy aerobically

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6
Q

What is Tetanus contraction ?

A

is a sustained muscle contraction caused by a series of high frequency stimulations

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7
Q

What bones are at the SHOULDER and what joint type is it ?

A

Ball and Socket - joint type

  • Humerus
  • Scapula
  • Clavicle
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8
Q

What is VO2 MAX test ?

A

is the measure of VO2 MAX e.g. bleep test (20s) - reach exhaustion - level compared standard results table

  • other tests are ‘Harvard step test’ and ‘12 minute copper run’ - only give indication
  • more valid + reliable test - DIRECT GAS ANALYSIS
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9
Q

What is Vasodilation ?

A

is the widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries

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10
Q

How does Body Composition affect VO2 max ?

A

A higher percentage of body fat can reduce VO2 MAX

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11
Q

How does ATP supply energy to the body ?

A

The enzyme ATP-ase breaks down ATP to produce ADP + Pi + energy

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12
Q

What are the factors affecting the Cardiac Conduction system ?

A

1) Neural control mechanism

2) Hormonal control mechanism

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13
Q

What does oxygen in the capillaries diffuse into the muscles during exercise ?

A

3% into Plasma
97% combine with HAEMOGLOBIN (iron-containing pigment found in red blood cells) to form OXYHAEMOGLOBIN ( fully saturated - four molecoles of O2)

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14
Q

What is Wave Summation ?

A

is repeated nerve impulses (twitches) with no little to relax so smooth sustained contractions occur - force increases

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15
Q

What is the ALL OR NONE LAW ?

A

is where a sequence of impulses has to be of sufficient intensity to stimulate all the muscle fibres in a motor unit in order for them to contract

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16
Q

What do the Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system do ?

A

they both control the heart rate
1) Sympathetic nervous system - INCREASE heart rate
2) Parasympathetic nervous system - DECREASE heart rate
they are both stimulated by receptors

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17
Q

What is the AV node ?

A

it relays the impulses between the up and low section of the heart

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18
Q

What are the three muscle fibre types ?

A

1) Type 1 - Slow Oxidative (SO) - endurance (aerobic)
2) Type 2a - Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG) - game player (anaerobic)
3) Type 2b - Fast Glycolytic (FG) - power (anaerobic)

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19
Q

What is the ATP generation in FAST TWITCH fibres ?

A
  • anaerobic Glycolytic
  • oxygen is not present so only 2 ATP produced
  • production is fast - cannot last for long (fatigue)
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20
Q

What is involved in the Respirator system ?

A

1) Inspiratory system
receptors -> medulla -> Phrenic nerve -> Diaphragm + External intercostals
2) Expiratory system
receptors -> medulla -> Intercostal nerve -> Abdominals + Internal intercostals

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21
Q

How does Lifestyle affect VO2 max ?

A

Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and poor fitness can reduce VO2 MAX

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22
Q

What are the muscle and joint action at the Hip ?

A
  • Flexion = Iliopsoas
  • Extension = Gluteals
  • Adduction = Adductors
  • Abduction = Tensor fasciae latae + Min/Med Gluteals
  • Horizontal Adduction = Adductors
  • Horizontal Abduction = Tensor fasciae latae + Min/Med Gluteals
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23
Q

How does Anaerobic Glycolytic System Provide energy ?

A
  • in the sarcoplasm part of the muscle cell
  • glycogen -> glucose by GPP enzyme
  • Glucose -> Pyruvic acid by PFK enzyme
  • Pyruvic acid -> Lactic acid by LDH enzyme
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24
Q

What bones are at the ELBOW and what joint type is it ?

A

Hinge - joint type

  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Humerus
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25
Q

What is involved in the Electron transport chain Stage ?

A

is a series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria where hydrogen is oxidised to water and 34 ATP are produced

  • hydrogen ions and electron
  • hydrogen electrons provide 34 ATPs
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26
Q

What does measuring OBLA do ?

A

measuring OBLA gives an indication of endurance capacity

- higher levels of fitness = Delay OBLA/lactate threshold

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27
Q

What is Cardiovascular Drift ?

A

Cardiovascular Drift occurs during 10 minutes of exercise in a warm environment
- same intensity exercise
- Fluid loss to sweating
- reduction in plasma volume - increase blood viscosity
- reduction in Venous return
- Decrease SV
- Increase HR
- Increase Cardiac Output (more energy needed to cool body)
Cardiovascular Drift can be reduced by maintaining high fluid consumption

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28
Q

How does the Neural control mechanism affect heart rate ?

A

is the cardiac control centre which is found in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA part of the brain - regulates processes

1) Sympathetic nervous system
2) Parasympathetic nervous system

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29
Q

What is Bohr Shift ?

A

is when an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

  • S-shape curve moves to the right
  • during exercise - more oxygen transported to muscle so haemoglobin less saturated with oxygen quicker
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30
Q

What is the SA node ?

A

is a small mass of cardiac muscle that generates the heart rate - pacemaker

  • send electrical signal through heart - wave of excitement
  • cause atria to contract
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31
Q

What is HITT training ?

A

it involves short intervals of max intensity followed by low intensity recovery intervals

  • anaerobic and aerobic zones
  • improves fat burning potential + metabolism + anaerobic endurance
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32
Q

What are the Positive and Negatives of PNF ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- very effective 
- allows adaptations 
NEGATIVE
- Technical 
- misunderstood
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33
Q

What are the purpose of Blood Vessels ?

A

PULMONARY - transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart
SYSTEMIC - transport oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and return deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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34
Q

Difference between Lactate and lactic acid ?

A

anaerobic exercise - produces lactic acid
- breakdown - releasing hydrogen ions then remains compounds combine with sodium/potassium ions to form the salt salt LACTATE

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35
Q

What is OBLA ?

A

ONSET BLOOD LACTATE ACCUMULATION

  • the point when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre
  • intensity increases = body unable to produce enough oxygen to break down lactate
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36
Q

What is Arterio-Venous Difference (A-VO2 diff) ?

A

the difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscle and the venous blood leaving the muscle

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37
Q

What happens at the muscle tissue during the transportation of oxygen ?

A

Oxygen is released from the Oxyhaemoglobin due to LOWER PRESSURE of oxygen there
- Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation

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38
Q

What does AGONIST muscle mean ?

A

the muscle that is responsible for the movement that is occurring

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39
Q

How is PNF put into practice ?

A
  • partner stretches muscle to limit - detected my muscle spindles
  • hold muscle to cause isometric contraction for 10 seconds - allow inhibitory signals to be sent by Golgi tendon organ - override muscle spindles
  • allow the muscle to relax
  • stretch the muscle further - increase the ROM
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40
Q

What affects the regulations of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) during exercise ?

A

respiratory system - controls the breathing rate - depth and speed

  • neutral control
  • chemical control
  • hormonal control
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41
Q

What are the joint actions ?

A

1) Flexion or Extension
2) Adduction or Abduction
3) Horizontal Adduction or Horizontal Abduction
4) Hyper - Extension - increasing angle beyond 180 between the bones of a joint - shoulder/hip

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42
Q

Horizontal Adduction and Horizontal Abduction occur at what plane and axis ?

A
  • Transverse Plane

- Longitudinal Axis

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43
Q

What is involved in the Glycolysis Stage ?

A

is the breakdown of GLUCOSE -> PYRUVIC ACID

  • in the Sarcoplasm part of muscle cell - fluid surrounding nucleus
  • one glucose -> two ATP
  • oxidised into acetyl groups - carried by coenzyme A
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44
Q

What is EPOC ?

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption - O2 debt

- the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time

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45
Q

What receptors stimulate the cardiac control centre and what do they detect ?

A

1) CHEMOreceptor - detect increase blood acidity/CO2 levels
2) BAROreceptor - detect decease in blood pressure
3) PROPRIOceptor - detect increase in muscle movement

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46
Q

What the structure of the Heart ?

A

has a left atrium and ventricle and a right atrium and ventricle which are separated by the Septum wall
- left side larger due to Oxygenated blood pumped to body

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47
Q

What does Physical activity have an affect on cholesterol levels ?

A

there are two types of Cholesterol :

1) LDL (low-density lipoproteins)
- transport cholesterol to tissues - BAD
- increase risk of heart disease (CHD)
2) HDL (high-density lipoproteins)
- transport excess cholesterol back to liver to be breakdown - GOOD
- decrease risk of heart disease (CHD)

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48
Q

What the structure of the Respiratory System ?

A

Nose -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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49
Q

What is involved in the glycogen replenishment (Slow replenishment) ?

A

it depends on the intensity of exercise

  • takes long to replenish for long duration exercises
  • CORI cycle - used to replenish
  • speed up by high carbohydrate meal
  • two nutrient windows after exercise
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50
Q

What are the three factors which increase Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation ( oxygen dissociate quicker) ?

A

1) increase in BLOOD TEMPERATURE
2) partial pressure of CO2 increases
3) decrease in pH levels

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51
Q

When and what the is the Anaerobic Glycolytic System ?

A

it re-synthesise ATP anaerobically

  • last up to 3 minutes
  • yield 1:2 ATP
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52
Q

What is the Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation curve ?

A

its Percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen / partial pressure of oxygen

  • Tissue have low partial pressure so haemoglobin releases some oxygen to muscle
  • Lungs have high partial pressure so haemoglobin fully saturated as no oxygen is released
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53
Q

What is a Hinge joint ?

A

it allows movement in only one direction ( flexion or extension)

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54
Q

Define Residual Volume how is it affect during exercise ?

A

the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum expiration
- remains the same

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55
Q

What happens when Eccentric contraction occurs ?

A

the Agonist and Antagonist muscle swap positions

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56
Q

What are the muscle and joint action at the Shoulder ?

A
  • Flexion = Anterior Deltoid
  • Extension = Latissimus Dorsi
  • Adduction = Latissimus Dorsi + Posterior Deltoid
  • Abduction = Supraspinatus + Medial Deltoid
  • Horizontal Adduction = Pectorals
  • Horizontal Abduction = Latissimus Dorsi
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57
Q

When and what the is the ATP-PC System ?

A
  • uses PHOSPHOCREATINE as fuel
  • is energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles
  • breakdown very quickly
  • yield 1:1 ATP
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58
Q

What is CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY ?

A

where the heart gets bigger and stronger due to thickening of the muscle wall
- increase SV as greater diastolic volume - lower RH

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59
Q

What is needed to increase strength of contraction ?

A

Single Twitch -> Wave Summation -> Tetanus Contraction

on the GRAPH

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60
Q

What Receptors are involved in the Expiratory system ?

A

the Stretch receptors which prevent over-reduce inflammation in lungs by sending impulses

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61
Q

Why is the redistribution of blood so important ?

A
  • increase supply of oxygen to working muscles
  • remove waste products from muscle e.g. lactic acid
  • increase blood flow to skin - regulate body temperature
  • increase blood flow to heart as its a muscle
  • maintain constant blood flow to brain
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62
Q

What is Altitude training ?

A

is above 2500m over sea levels as O2 levels are low

  • less O2 diffuses into blood so haemoglobin not fully saturated
  • less O2 to working muscles means reduction in aerobic performance + VO2
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63
Q

What muscles are responsible for Inspiration ?

A 
REST 
- Diaphragm 
- External Intercostal 
EXERCISE 
- Diaphragm 
- External Intercostal 
- Scalene 
- Pectoralis Major
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64
Q

Define Minute Ventilation how is it affect during exercise ?

A

the volume of air breathed in and out per minute

- increase

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65
Q

What are the muscle and joint action at the Knee ?

A
  • Flexion = Hamstring

- Extension = Quadricep

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66
Q

What are the Functional characteristics of the muscle fibres ?

A
  • Contraction Speed
  • Contraction Force
  • Fatigue Resistance
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67
Q

Define Partial Pressure ?

A

the pressure exerted by a individual gas within a mixture of gases

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68
Q

What bones are at the HIP and what joint type is it ?

A

Ball and Socket - joint type

  • Ilium (Pelvis)
  • Femur
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69
Q

What is the Purkinje Fibres ?

A

are muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles
- cause ventricle to contract

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70
Q

How the Neutral and Chemical control affects breathing rate during exercise ?

A

it involves the brain and the nervous system and chemical is concerned with blood acidity - work together

  • acidity high -> impulses to brain to increase breathing rate
  • Sympathetic and Parasympathetic control breathing rate
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71
Q

What is VO2 MAX ?

A

is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute

72
Q

What is Lactate Sampling ?

A

is the measure the levels of lactate in the blood - lactate accumulation

  • plus helps measure lactate threshold (Fitter)
  • regular testing = see improvements
  • lower lactate level in test = increase in peak speed/power + recovery heart rate
73
Q

What does ANTAGONIST muscle mean ?

A

the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist - helps produce a coordinated movement - relaces
- Antagonist and agonist muscles often occur in pairs, called antagonistic pairs

74
Q

Where is the Respirator system ?

A

in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA

75
Q

How does Gender affect VO2 max ?

A

Men generally have 20% higher VO2 MAX than women

76
Q

What is the Bundle of His ?

A

is a collection of heart muscle cells that transmit impulses from the AV node to ventricle via bundle branches

77
Q

Who does Lactate-producing capacity affect and What is Buffering ?

A

it affects sprint/power athletes - better anaerobic capacity

  • BUFFERING - process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood/muscle
  • work harder before fatigue sets in
  • increase number of mitochondria and myoglobin
78
Q

How does Physical activity have an affect on Stoke Volume ?

A

it depends on :

  • venous return
  • elastically of the cardiac fibres during DIASTOLE phase (fill) - STARLING’S LAW
79
Q

What bones are at the KNEE and what joint type is it ?

A

Hinge - joint type

  • Femur
  • Tibia
80
Q

What is Vasoconstriction ?

A

is the narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce the flow of blood into the capillaries

81
Q

What does Articulating mean ?

A

This refers to the bones that meet and move at a joint

82
Q

How does ATP-PC Provide energy ?

A
  • anaerobic - without oxygen
  • re-synthesises ATP when ENZYME CREATINE KINASE detects high levels of ADP (low ATP)
    1) Phosphocreatine (PC) -> Phosphate (Pi) +Creatine (C) + energy
    2) Energy -> Pi + ADP -> ATP
  • yield 1:1
83
Q

What is a Motor neurone ?

A

is a nerve cells/impulses which as a neuromuscular junction - where the muscle neurone and the muscle fibres meet

84
Q

What is ATP ?

A

it is the only useable form on energy in the body

- Adenosine Triphosphate

85
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume how is it affect during exercise ?

A

the volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
- decrease

86
Q

What is Gaseous Exchange ?

A
  • is getting oxygen in air into the lungs so that it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells of the body
  • the removal of Carbon Dioxide from the blood
87
Q

Different Duration of Energy systems ?

A

DURATION

1) <10 seconds (VRY HIGH INTENSITY)
- ATP-PC
2) 8-90 seconds (HIGH-VERY INTENSITY)
- ATP-PC + Anaerobic Glycolytic
3) 90-3 minutes ( HIGH INTENSITY)
- Anaerobic Glycolytic - Aerobic
4) >3 minutes ( LOW INTENSITY)
- Aerobic

88
Q

What is Lactate threshold ?

A

The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood
- crossing point on aerobic -> anaerobic

89
Q

What is Venous return ?

A

is the return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava
- during exercise venous return increases = increase SV

90
Q

What is VO2 MAX ?

A

is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be utilised by the muscles per minute

  • Lactate threshold is a percentage of VO2 max
  • higher percentage means fitter performer
91
Q

What is the gaseous exchange pathway of Carbon Dioxide and how is it achieved ?

A

Muscle -> Blood -> Alveoli

  • achieved by the PARTIAL PRESSURE of CO2 in the Muscle being HIGHER to blood vessels so diffusion occurs
  • opposite for O2 as partial pressure is lower than blood vessels
92
Q

What does Physical activity have an affect on (HEALTH) ?

A
  • heart disease
  • high blood pressure
  • stroke
  • cholesterol levels
93
Q

What are the Structure characteristics of the muscle fibres ?

A
  • Size
  • Colour
  • Mitochondria density
  • Glycogen stores
  • Capillaries Density
94
Q

What does Physical activity have an affect on high blood pressure ?

A

higher blood pressure can put extra strain on arteries and heart

  • this can lead to heart attack + heart failure + kidney disease + stroke
  • exercise can decrease blood pressure - decrease both systolic/diastolic
95
Q

What is the gaseous exchange pathway of Oxygen and how is it achieved ?

A

Alveoli -> Blood -> Muscle

  • achieved by the PARTIAL PRESSURE of O2 in the alveoli being HIGHER to blood vessels so diffusion occurs
  • opposite for CO2 as partial pressure is lower than blood vessels
96
Q

What is the ATP generation in SLOW TWITCH fibres ?

A
  • aerobic system
  • produces max amount of ATP available - 36 ATP
  • production is slow - endurance based
97
Q

What are the stages of the Cardiac Conduction system ?

A 
SALLY - 1) SA node 
ALWAYS - atrial systole 
AIMS - 2) AV node 
BALLS - 3) Bundle of HIS 
PASS - 4) Purkinje fibres 
VICKY - ventricular systole
98
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Anaerobic Glycolytic System ?

A

POSITVE
- ATP re-synthesised quickly + last longer than ATP-PC
- in presence of oxygen Lactic acid converted back into liver
- used for sprint finish
NEGATIVE
- lactic acid- by product
- small amount of energy released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions

99
Q

What are the two components of EPOC ?

A

1) Fast replenishment component
- restoration of ATP/Phosphocreatine (3 minutes )
- re-saturation of myoglobin with oxygen
2) Slow replenishment component
- removal of lactic acid
- maintenance of breathing and heart rates
- glycogen replenishment
- increase in body temperature

100
Q

What does the Vascular system consist of ?

A

it consist of blood vessels

1) Veins - transport deoxygenated blood to the heart
- low pressure - widen lumen
2) Arteries - transport oxygenated blood around the body
- high pressure - smaller lumen
2) Capillaries - wide enough for one red blood to pass at given time - allow exchange of nutrients through diffusion

101
Q

What are the Mechanics of Breathing ?

A

INSPIRATION - pressure in lungs need to be LOWER than in atmosphere
- caused by increasing the volume of the Thoracic Cavity (Chest)
EXPIRATION - pressure in lungs need to be HIGHER than in atmosphere
- caused by decreasing the volume of the Thoracic Cavity (Chest)

102
Q

How do we control/vary the strength of contraction ?

A
  • motor unit size
  • more/less motor units
  • larger/smaller motor units recruited
  • increase rate of stimulation
  • all or none law
  • wave summation
  • tetanus contraction
103
Q

Define Expiratory Reserve Volume how is it affect during exercise ?

A

the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
- decrease

104
Q

What is a Spirometer ?

A

a device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs
- has a graph of lung volume/ time - need to be able to label

105
Q

How does the body constantly rebuild ATP ?

A

by converting ADP + Pi back into ATP

  • we can RE-SYNTHESISE ATP from three different types of chemical reactions in the muscle cells
  • the chemical reactions are fuelled by either food or Phosphocreatine (chemical in muscle)
106
Q

What are the organs involved in PNF ?

A

1) Muscle Spindle - detects how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produces the stretch reflex (prevent injury)
2) Golgi Tendon Organ - are activated when tension is felt in the muscle
- sends inhibitory signals to the brain to allow the muscle to relax ( inhibition of the muscle reflex)

107
Q

What does Physical activity have an affect on heart disease ?

A

is known as CHD - coronary heart disease

  • build up of fatties deposits in arteries - narrow/harden - ATHEROSCLEROSIS
  • caused by high blood pressure + cholesterol + lack of exercise
108
Q

What are the muscle and joint action at the Ankle ?

A
  • Plantar Flexion = Gastrocnemius

- Dorsi Flexion = Tibialis Anterior

109
Q

As Lactate accumulates in the muscles, What else increases and causes acidity ?

A

It increases Hydrogen ions - acidity

- they slow down enzyme activity + affect breakdown of glycogen = FATIGUE

110
Q

What is Muscular Hypertrophy ?

A

is where the muscle has become bigger and stronger

111
Q

What are the two types of muscle contraction ?

A

They are Isometric and Isotonic

- muscles can only pull

112
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the ATP-PC System ?

A

POSITVE
- no fatiguing by -products
- ATP can be re-synthesised rapidly
- Phosphocreatine stores re-synthesised quickly (3mins- 100%)
NEGATIVE
- limited supply of Phosphocreatine (10s)
- yield is 1:1 ATP
- Phosphocreatine stores re-synthesised only take place in presence of Oxygen

113
Q

What is Diffusion ?

A

the movement of gases from high concentration to low concentration

114
Q

What are the Venous return mechanisms ?

A

1) Skeletal muscle pump
- muscle contracts + relaxes so muscle changes shape
- shape change = press on nearby veins + assist blood pump back to heart
2) Respiratory pump
- pressure in chest changes due to breathing in and out
- pressure change = press on nearby veins + assist blood pump back to heart
3) Pocket valves
- they close to prevent black flow
4) Smooth muscle
- in wall of veins which squeeze blood back to heart
5) Gravity
- assist blood flow back to heart from upper section

115
Q

What is Isotonic contraction and the two types ?

A

is when a muscle contracts a creates a movement

1) Concentric
2) Eccentric

116
Q

What is the impact of blood pressure on Venous return ?

A

increase is Systolic pressure causes a increase in Venous return

117
Q

What the purpose of the values in the heart ?

A

they are present to prevent back flow of blood between atriums and ventricles

118
Q

What are the muscle and joint action at the Elbow ?

A
  • Flexion = Bicep

- Extension = Tricep

119
Q

What is involved in the Removal of lactic acid (Slow replenishment) ?

A
  • Removed by sweat + urine
  • Converted into protein
  • lactic convert back to pyruvate -> oxidation to water and CO2
  • CORI CYCLE - process where lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen
120
Q

What is Indirect Calorimetry ?

A

is the measuring of the production of CO2 and consumption of O2

  • provides accurate estimate of energy expenditure through gas exchange
  • CALORIMETRY - calculation of heat in physical changes and chemical changes
  • enables to find main substrate being used e.g. fats or carbohydrates
  • precise calculation of VO2/VO2 MAX
121
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the aerobic system ?

A

POSITIVE
- yield 1:36 ATP
- no fatiguing by-products
- lots of glycogen/triglyceride stores - long duration exercise
NEGATIVE
- complicated system - cannot be used straight away
- fatty acid transportation to muscles is low - requires 15% more O2 to be broken down than glycogen

122
Q

What is SAQ training ?

A

SPEED - how fast move over specific distance
AGILITY - ability to move and position the body quickly while under control
- aim to improve multi-directional movement - neuromuscular system
- drills include zig-zag, ladders and introduce ball - specific - anaerobic sports

123
Q

What are the four specialist training methods ?

A

1) Altitude training
2) Plyometrics training
3) SAQ training - Speed + Agility + Quickness
4) HITT training ( high intensity interval training)

124
Q

What is Concentric contraction ?

A

is when the muscle shortens under tension (decrease in joint angle)

125
Q

How is Oxygen stored in the muscle ?

A

is stored by MYOGLOBIN ( iron-containing pigment found in muscle fibres which have a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin)
- it stores the oxygen for the MITOCHONDRIA until its used by the muscles

126
Q

What is Eccentric contraction ?

A

is when the muscle lengthens under tension (Increase in joint angle)

  • acts like a brake
  • negative work - working against gravity
127
Q

What muscles are responsible for Expiration ?

A 
REST 
- Diaphragm 
- External Intercostal 
(Passive - Relax)
EXERCISE
- Internal Intercostal 
- Abdominals
128
Q

What is a DIRECT GAS ANALYSIS ?

A

it measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of CO2 that is expired

  • is example of VO2 MAX test
  • increasing on intensities on treadmills, rowing and ERGOMETER (stationary bikes)
  • computer software compare volume/concentration
129
Q

What bones are at the ANKLE and what joint type is it ?

A

Hinge - joint type

  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Talus
130
Q

What are the effects of Smoking on our Respiratory system `?

A
  • irritation of trachea and bronchi
  • increase mucus build up (due to Cilia damage) - causes smoker’s cough
  • reduce lung function - reduce performance
  • increase narrowing of bronchioles - breathlessness
  • damaging cell lining - CILIA - are microscopic hair like projection that help sweep away fluid and particles
  • damage alveoli - reduce efficiency of gaseous exchange
  • increase risk of COPD
  • increase carbon monoxide and tar in lungs
131
Q

What are the purpose of the Alveoli’s ?

A

they are responsible for the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood - occur via DIFFUSION
- BOG - big surface area, one cell thick and good blood supply

132
Q

What does Myogenic mean ?

A

is originating its own impulses in the muscle tissue

133
Q

What is the Mitochondria ?

A

it is referred to as the Powerhouse of the cell as respiration and energy production occur there

134
Q

How does Genetics affect VO2 max ?

A

Determine VO2 MAX - limits possible improvements

135
Q

What the methods to measure energy expenditure ?

A
  • measuring how much energy we use gives indication of the intensity of exercise and level of fitness
  • providing feedback on effectiveness of a training programme (VIRL)
    1) Indirect Calorimetry
    2) Lactate Sampling
    3) VO2 MAX test
    4) Respiratory exchange ratio
136
Q

What is Oxygen Consumption ?

A

is the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP

137
Q

What is the Cardiac Conduction system ?

A

is a group of specialised cells located in the wall pf the heart which send electrical impulse to the cardiac muscle, causing it to contact

138
Q

What does the Concentration Gradient represent ?

A

represent the speed of diffusion
- bigger/steeper gradient means faster diffusion
(higher pressure = higher concentration = diffusion more)

139
Q

How does Training affect VO2 max ?

A

Improve up to 10/20% of VO2 MAX due to aerobic training

140
Q

How does O2 deficit differ from Sub-Maximal to Maximal exercise ?

A

the higher the intensity of exercise the higher the oxygen deficit
- NEED TO KNOW GRAPH

141
Q

How do muscle fibres recover and avoid fatigue ?

A

by SPATIAL SUMMATION - when the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size of the muscle motor unit
- change motor unit when one is weak

142
Q

What is Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) ?

A

is the ratio of CO2 produced compared to O2 consumed

  • information about what fuel usage during exercise e.g. fats, protein and carbohydrates
  • RER = 1 / means carbohydrates used
  • RER = 0.7 / means fats used
  • RER > 1 / means anaerobic respiration (more CO2 than O2)
143
Q

What is involved in the Krebs Cycle Stage ?

A

is a series of chemical reactions that take place using O2 in matrix of the Mitochondria

  • PYRUVIC ACID combines with Acetyl Coenzyme A
  • Beta Oxidation occurs - forms OXALOACETIC ACID
  • coenzyme combines with oxaloacetic acid to form CITRIC ACID
  • Oxidation Of citric acid - H+ removed and CO2 produced
  • hydrogen ions passed to ETC
  • produce 2 ATP molecules
144
Q

What is the Parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

is REST or RELAX response - it slows everything down

145
Q

What is a Ball and Socket joint ?

A

it allows movement in every direction

146
Q

How does Physical activity have an affect on Cardiac Output ?

A
  • at rest both trained and untrained person have same Cardiac Output
  • during exercise
    1) Trained athlete - larger Cardiac Output
    2) Untrained athlete - Lower Cardiac Output
147
Q

What is the Vascular shunt mechanism ?

A

The redistribution of cardiac output
- vasodilation
- vasoconstriction
Blood shunting - eating before exercise can reduce blood flow to working muscles

148
Q

What is the Sympathetic nervous system ?

A

is FLIGHT or FIGHT response - it fires up the body for exercise

149
Q

What is Starling’s Law ?

A
  • increase in Venous Return
  • greater diastolic filling volume
  • cardiac muscle stretched
  • greater force of contraction
  • increase in EJECTION FRACTION - percentage of blood pumped out of left ventricle per beat
150
Q

Adduction and Abduction occur at what plane and axis ?

A
  • Frontal Plane

- Sagittal Axis

151
Q

What are the factors that affect VO2 max (aerobic power) ?

A
  • higher VO2 max -> greater endurance capacity ( delay OBLA longer
    1) Lifestyle
    2) Body Composition
    3) Gender
    4) Difference in age
    5) Genetics
    6) Training
    7) Physiological factors
152
Q

What are the effects of Exercise on our Respiratory system `?

A
  • increase size of alveoli - increase surface area
  • increase Oxyhaemoglobin -increase elasticity of pathways
  • increase strength of muscle - increase efficiency of gaseous exchange
  • increase oxygen available
  • decrease breathing frequency ( like RH)
  • increase maximum minute ventilation
  • increase diffusion - increase aerobic performance
153
Q

What is involved in the maintenance of breathing and heart rates (Slow replenishment) ?

A

requires extra oxygen

- assist recovery - replenish ATP + PC and re-saturate the myoglobin

154
Q

How the Hormonal control affects breathing rate during exercise ?

A

it used a hormone called ADRENALINE - increases breathing rate in preparation for exercise

  • increases in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
  • anticipatory rise
155
Q

Flexion and Extension occur at what plane and axis ?

A
  • Sagittal Plane

- Transverse Axis

156
Q

How does Difference in age affect VO2 max ?

A

As we get older VO2 MAX declines

157
Q

What are the three energy systems which convert the fuel into energy ?

A

1) Aerobic System
2) ATP-PC System
3) Anaerobic Glycolytic System
- intensity and duration of exercise play a key role in deciding which system is used to provide energy

158
Q

What are the advantage and disadvantages of Altitude training ?

A 
POSITIVE
- increase red blood cells 
- increase concentration of haemoglobin 
- increase blood viscosity 
- increase Capillarisation 
- enhanced oxygen transport 
- increase lactate tolerance 
NEGATIVE 
- expensive 
- sickness 
- difficult to train due to low levels of O2
- detraining ( low intensity at first)
- benefits lost when return to sea level 
- physiological problems
159
Q

Define Tidal Volume and how is it affect during exercise ?

A

the volume of air breathed in and out per breath

- increase

160
Q

When and what the is the Aerobic System ?

A

is used when exercise is low intensity and oxygen supply is high and there are three stages to provide energy :

  • Glycolysis
  • Krebs Cycle
  • Electron transport chain (ETC)
  • yield 1:36 ATP
161
Q

What is PNF stretching ?

A

is an advanced stretching technique - Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

162
Q

What is BRADYCARDIA ?

A

where the resting heart rate is below 60b.p.m

163
Q

How is the proportion on muscle fibres in muscles determined ?

A

they are genetically determined but relative proportion to certain muscles

164
Q

How does affect Physiological factors VO2 max ?

A
  • increase max cardiac output
  • increase stroke volume
  • lower resting heart rate
  • increase myoglobin content
  • increase lactate tolerance
  • increase alveoli surface area
  • increase number/size of mitochondria
165
Q

What affect does exercise have on the Arterio-Venous Difference ?

A

The Arterio-Venous Difference INCREASES

  • increase gaseous exchange ( more O2 in and CO2 out)
  • trained athletes have higher A-VO2 diff
166
Q

What is Plyometrics training ?

A

it involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power

  • power + speed
  • hopping, bounding, medicine ball
  • muscle generate more force if previously been stretched e.g elastic band
  • three phases of increasing force generated :
    1) Eccentric phase - Eccentric contraction
    2) Amortisation phase - short as possible to save energy
    3) Concentric phase - Increased forced Concentric contraction
167
Q

How does the muscle during exercise receive more oxygen ?

A

the blood vessels Vasodilation blood flow to the muscles as they require more oxygen and Vasoconstriction blood flow to non-essential organs
- Receptors detect = Sympathetic nerves increase = Vasodilation

168
Q

What does Physical activity have an affect on stroke ?

A

a stroke is when the blood supply to the brain is cut off (no function)

1) ISCHAEMIC - caused by blot clots blockage
2) HAEMORTHAGIC - caused by weak blood vessels burst
- this can lead to brain injury + disability + death
- exercise can decrease risk of a stroke

169
Q

Why does the heart rate increase before exercise ?

A

it is caused by ANTICIPATORY RISE - adrenaline

170
Q

What is Plasma ?

A

is the fluid part of the blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them

171
Q

What is a energy continuum ?

A

is which type of energy system is used for different types of physical activity and sport
- depends on duration + intensity

172
Q

How does Physical activity have an affect on Heart rate ?

A

it increases with exercise

  • maximum heart rate = 220 - age
  • CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
  • BRADYCARDIA
173
Q

What Receptors are involved in the Inspiratory system ?

A

1) CHEMOreceptor - detect increase blood acidity/CO2 levels
2) BAROreceptor - detect decease in blood pressure
3) PROPRIOceptor - detect increase in muscle movement

174
Q

What joint action occurs at the ankle ?

A

1) Dori-Flexion - pulling the toes up to shin

2) Plantar-Flexion - pointing the toes

175
Q

What is the impact of a pressure gradient between right atrium and vena cava on venous return ?

A
  • increasing right atrial pressure = DECREASE venous return

- decreasing right atrial pressure = INCREASE venous return

176
Q

What is Isometric contraction ?

A

is when a muscle is under tension but their is no visible movement

177
Q

What are the factors affecting the rate of LACTATE ACCUMULATION ?

A

1) Exercise intensity
2) Muscle fibres type used
3) Rate of blood lactate removal
4) Respiratory Exchange Ratio
5) Fitness of the performer

A-level Physical Education Year 1 (3 decks)

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