Skill Acquisition Flashcards
What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad ?
deals with VISUAL + SPATIAL information
- temporary stores information
What is Massed practice and when to use ?
is continuously practicing skill with rest intervals
- skill is discrete, closed, self-paced and simple
- performer is autonomous and highly motivated
What is Visual Guidance ?
guidance that can be seen, a demonstration - create a clear image
What is Response Time ?
time taken from the onset of stimulus to completion of task
= reaction time + movement time
What the model which represents Information Processing ?
The Whiting Model
What is Negative feedback ?
is error correction
- what was incorrect - eliminated
What is Bilateral transfer of learning ?
the learned skill can be passed across the body from limb to limb
- e.g. snooker shot on one hand to the other hand
What are the three stages of learning ?
They are cognitive, associative and autonomous
What feedback suits a Cognitive performer ?
- rely on extrinsic feedback from coach
- positive
- knowledge of results
What are the three Presentation of Practices ?
They are Whole, Whole-part-whole and Progressive part practice
What is Anticipation ?
is pre-judging a stimulus
1) Temporal - when it is going to happen
2) Spatial - where + what is going to happen
- incorrect anticipation = PRP
What is Distributed practice and when to use ?
is practice skill with rest intervals
- skill is continuous, serial, open, complex and dangerous
- performer is cognitive, unfit or lack of motivation
What are the four stages of leaning plateaus ?
1) cognitive stage - trial+error and work out subroutines
2) rapid acceleration in rate of learning - success = cause motivation and reinforcement
3) no improvement due to plateaus (straight line)
4) DRIVE REDUCTION - towards ends tips due to fatigue - need a new challenge/task
What is Positive feedback ?
is encouragement
- what was correct - se will repeat
What the advantages and disadvantages of Whole-part-whole practice ?
POSITIVE - whole skill kinaesthetic maintained - weak part able to be improved - increase motivation + confidence - fluency between subroutines NEGATIVE - time consuming - kinaesthetic feeling affected if part not integrated quickly - no highly organised skills can be used
What is working Memory ?
it processes information from our environment and is controlled in the CENTRAL EXECUTIVE - controls information moving in and out of memory system
- it links with the Long-term memory but has limited capacity
How do we store information in our memory ?
Males - MENTAL PRACTICE And - ASSOCIATION Females - FOCUS Can - CHUNKING Run - REWARDS Charity - CHAINING Races - REPETITION
What are Open and closed skills ?
Open - skill performed in an UNPREDICTABLE environment
Closed - skill performed in an PREDICTABLE environment
What are the strategies to improve response time ?
- practice
- selective attention
- mental rehearsal
- experience
- improve fitness
- warm up
- gain optimum arousal
- detect cues early
- attempt ANTICIPATION
What are Simple and Complex skills ?
Simple - skill requires LIMITED decisions to be made
Complex - skill requires SERVAL decisions to be made
What are Discrete, Serial and Continuous Skills ?
Discrete - a skill has a CLEAR beginning and end
Continuous - a skill has NO CLEAR beginning and end
Serial - serval discrete skills performed together
What is feedback and the six types ?
is information received about performance or to aid error correlation
- positive
- negative
- intrinsic
- extrinsic
- knowledge of results
- knowledge of performance
What feedback suits a Autonomous performer ?
- use intrinsic feedback - kinaesthetic
- extrinsic can be negative
- use knowledge of performance
What are the functions and characteristcs of the WM and LTM ?
- WM - limited time scale (30s)
- WM - limited capacity
- WM - initiates action by sending memory trace
- WM - relevant information by selective attention
- LTM - stores information as motor programme
- LTM - unlimited capacity and time
- LTM - sends motor programme to WM
How to develop Schema ?
- varied practice - experience
- skills are transferable to game situation
- feedback to improve skill
- praise + positive reinforcement
- practice range of skills
What are the stages of the Schema theory ?
1) RECALL schema
- initial conditions
- response specification
2) RECOGNITION schema
- sensory consequences
- response outcome
What is a Plateaus ?
is a period of no improvement in performance
What is Manual Guidance ?
guidance that involves physical support
What is Verbal Guidance ?
guidance thats a explanation of the techniques required for performing a task
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Manual Guidance ?
POSITIVE - effective for cognitive - eliminate danger - build confidence - kinaesthetic can be felt - whole skill attempted NEGATIVE - performer may become dependent on the support. - demotivated - the proximity of the coach might be upsetting. - bad habits.
What feedback suits a Associative performer ?
- develop kinaesthetic - intrinsic feedback
- extrinsic feedback to refine skill
- begin to use knowledge of performance
What is Hick’s Law ?
reaction time increases (slower), as the number of choices increases
Whats involved in the INPUT stage of Information Processing ?
information is picked up from the senses ( from display e.g. opponent) using the RECEPTORS SYSTEMS
- Vision
- Hearing
- Touch
- Proprioception
- Kinaesthetic
What is Whole-part-whole practice and when to use it ?
is attempting the skill as a whole then practicing one subroutine (weakness) and attempting as a whole again
- skill is complex, fast and ballistic
- performer is cognitive and autonomous
What is Knowledge of results (KR) feedback ?
is concerning the outcome
- skill was successful ?
What is the SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT theory ?
is learning through interaction - learning by association with other - social development
1) Role of social interaction
- inter-psychological learning - from other by watching
- intra-psychological learning - constructivism actions based on learning from others
2) MKO - more knowledgeable others
- person who has a greater understanding of task + gives you advice
3) Zone of Proximal development
- what can i achieve alone ?
- what can i achieve with help ?
- what can i not achieve yet ?
Description Cognitive stage of learning ?
- performer begins to create clear image
- accurate demonstration is necessary
- many mistakes made
- trial and error method
- movement jerky and uncoordinated
- no motor programme formed
What are the characteristics of a skill ?
L - learned A - accurate CATS - controlled GET - goal directed A - aesthetically pleasing FISH - fluent CONSISTENTLY - consistently EVERY - efficient SATURDAY - smooth EVENING - economical
What are Gross and Fine skills ?
Gross - skill performed using LARGE muscle groups
Fine - skill performed using SMALLER muscle groups
Description Associative stage of learning ?
- continue to practice skill
- start to compared to skilled athletes
- make few mistakes
- movement smoother and coordinated
- start to focus on fine aspects
- motor programme developed
What is Psychological refractory Period (PRP) ?
states their is a delay when the second stimulus is presented before the first stimulus has been processed
- increase reaction time (slower)
- e.g. tennis go for volley then the ball hits the net
What is Negative transfer of learning ?
the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill
- e.g. forearm in tennis to forearm in badminton
Whats involved in the DECISION MAKING stage of Information Processing ?
1) PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM - INTERPRETS information from display/environment
- D - Detection - detect appropriate stimulus
- C - Comparison - matching stimulus to memory (LTM)
- R - Recognition - choosing appropriate response
- Selective attention occurs
2) TRANSLATORY MECHANISM - Uses gathered information to make a DECISION
What is Variable practice and when to use ?
is practicing the skill in a changing environment
- skill is open, externally-paced and complex
- performer is cognitive and lack of motivation
What the advantages and disadvantages of Whole practice ?
POSITIVE
- not time consuming
- develops kinaesthetic feeling (awareness)
- easily transfer to game situation
- fluent between subroutines - consistent
NEGATIVE
- difficult for cognitive performers
- could cause fatigue and overload
- have to be physically capable for producing whole skill
What the advantages and disadvantages of Mental practice ?
POSITIVE - clear image - see success - rehearse tactics and strategies - improve reaction time + confidence NEGATIVE - must be accurate - difficult in loud environment
What is Information Processing ?
the method by which data from environment are collected and utilised
1) Input Stage
2) Decision making
3) Output stage
4) Feedback
How can a coach encourage positive transfer of learning ?
- make the practice environment like the game situation (realistic and relevant)
- give praise and positive encouragement if positive transfer occurs
- over-learn first skill before introducing the second skill
- avoid opportunities for bad habits to develop e.g. teaching skill close together
Define Skill ?
the learned ability to bring about pre-determined results with minimum outlay of energy, time or both
What is Mechanical Guidance ?
guidance involves a device/artificial aid
What the advantages and disadvantages of Distributed practice ?
POSITIVE - more effective than massed - allow time for recovery - mental practice - coach can give feedback NEGATIVE - time consuming - cause negative transfer
What the advantages and disadvantages of Progressive part practice ?
POSITIVE
- rest reduces chance of fatigue
- aid understanding of each part
- motivation from success
- danger reduced
NEGATIVE
- time consuming
- no highly organised skills can be used
- kinaesthetic feeling not experience till the end
- fluency negatively affected - negative transfer
What is the Phonological Loop ?
deals with the AUDITORY information e.g. sound
- temporary stores information
- send to long-term memory to trigger the motor programme
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Verbal Guidance ?
POSITIVE - can be given immediately - conjunction with visual guidance - useful for open skills to adapt and make decisions NEGATIVE - too much information might cause overload - performer might lose concentration. - the language could be too complex.
What are the Causes and Solution of Plateaus ?
CAUSES - lack of motivation - boredom - poor coaching - limited of ability - fatigue - incorrect goal setting SOLUTIONS - new challenge - variable practice - alternative coach/coaching methods - complete against similar abilities - SMARTER principle
What are the three theories about factors that influence response time ?
1) Hick’s Law
2) Single-Channel Hypothesis
3) Psychological refractory Period (PRP)
Whats involved in the FEEDBACK stage of Information Processing ?
once the motor programme is put into action, both intrinsic and extrinsic occur
What is Selective Attention and how does it improve performance ?
is filtering out relevant information from irrelevant information and improve performance by :
- aids concentration
- improve reaction time
- filter out distractions
- control arousal levels
- reduce chance of information overload
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Visual Guidance ?
POSITIVE - provide clear idea of skill - mental practice - highlights weaknesses - conjunction with verbal guidance NEGATIVE - too much information might be given at once. - demonstration must be accurate. - performer might not be capable of matching the demonstration.
What is Whole practice and when to use it ?
is practicing the skill in its entirely (not broken-down)
- skill is simple, discrete, fast, ballistic, continuous and highly organised
- performer is autonomous
What are the three ‘Slave’ systems of the working memory ?
1) Phonological Loop
2) Visuospatial Sketchpad
3) Episodic Buffer
What is the OPERANT CONDITIONING theory ?
leaning the skill through the use of reinforcement to ensure correct responses are repeated
- based on link between stimulus + response (S-R bond)
- coach should :
1) trial and error
2) manipulate environment
3) offer a SATISFER or ANNOYER to shape behaviour - positive reinforcement e.g. praise
- negative reinforcement e.g. stop shouting
- punishment - eliminate incorrect action
What is the INSIGHT LEARNING theory ?
aims to develop learning the skill by understanding the relationship between the subroutines through experiencing the whole task rather than part leaning
e. g. 3000m - develop tactics
- positive effect on performance :
1) promote understanding
2) develop ability to think
3) give motivation + satisfaction
4) concentrate on whole skill
What is Reaction Time ?
time taken from onset of stimulus to onset of the response
What does the memory system do ?
it stores and retrieves information, makes comparisons with previous movement experiences and selects which motor programme to retrieve in order to produce movement
What is Zero transfer of learning ?
the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another skill
- e.g. swimming to climbing
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical Guidance ?
POSITIVE - effective for cognitive - eliminate danger - build confidence - kinaesthetic can be felt - whole skill attempted NEGATIVE - performer may become dependent on the support. - demotivated - create incorrect kinaesthetic feeling - bad habits.
Description Autonomous stage of learning ?
- movement is fluent, efficient and aesthetic pleasing
- skill executed automatically
- motor programme fully developed
- long term memory
- concentrate on tactics
- still need to practice to stay at level
What is the Recognition schema stage ?
is control and evaluates the movement
1) SENSORY CONSEQUENCE - information about feel of the movement - intrinsic feedback/Kinaesthetic
2) RESPONSE OUTCOME - the feedback about the results - gathering information concerning results
Whats involved in the OUTPUT stage of Information Processing ?
is when the skill is produced.
1) EFFECTOR MECHANISMS - TRANSFER decision via nervous system to the muscle to complete the action
2) MUSCULAR SYSTEM - receive impulse which cause muscular contraction
What is the transferring of learning ?
the effect of leaning and performance of one skill on leaning and performance of another skill
- positive
- negative
- zero
- bilateral
What is Intrinsic feedback ?
is from within
- sense of kinaesthetic feeling
What the advantages and disadvantages of Massed practice ?
POSITIVE - improve fitness - motor programmes formed - over-learned skill = habit NEGATIVE - no time for feedback - cause fatigue - have to be physically capable for practice
Whats involved in the INPUT stage of Information Processing ?
information is picked up from the senses ( from display) using the RECEPTORS SYSTEMS
- Vision
- Hearing
- Touch
- Equilibrium
- Kinaesthetic
What are Highly-organised and Low-organised skills ?
Highly-organised - skill that is DIFFICULT to BREAKDOWN into subroutines
Low-organised - skill that is EASY to BREAKDOWN into subroutines
What does the Long-term memory do ?
stores coded information form the environment - received from the working memory
- memory traces can be compared in the LTM- unlimited capacity
What is the Episodic Buffer ?
stores chunks (episodes) of information - sequences in WM to the LTM
What is the Schema theory (Schmidt) ?
a generalised motor programme that allows performers to adapt their skills and transfer experience of one skill to another
- brain is unable to store and retrieve every individual pass separated in the LTM - instead store a schema
What is Extrinsic feedback ?
is from a outside source
- gain a different view - coach
What is Single-Channel Hypothesis ?
states that only one stimulus can be processed at once. second stimulus has to wait till the first one has finished (bottleneck)
What are the two types of reaction time ?
1) Simple - one stimulus and one response (low RT)
2) Choice - serval stimulus and serval responses (high RT)
What the advantages and disadvantages of Variable practice ?
POSITIVE - increase motivation - develop schema - experience in range of conditions - positive transfer NEGATIVE - time consuming - cause fatigue - negative transfer - maybe information overload
What is Movement Time ?
time taken from onset of movement to completion of task
What is Progressive part practice and when to use it ?
practicing the first subroutine then gradually adding parts to whole skill - known as chaining
- skill is complex, serial, low organised and dangerous
- performer is cognitive
What is the Recall schema stage ?
is storing information about and initiates the movement
1) INITIAL CONDITIONS - information from the environment and whether been in situation before
2) RESPONSE SPECIFICATION - information about what to do - what movement to perform
What is Positive transfer of learning ?
the learning of one skill helps the learning of another skill
- e.g. netball pass to basketball pass
What are the four methods of guidance ?
They are Visual, Verbal, Manual and Mechanical
what are the four type of practices ?
They are massed, distributed, variable and mental practice.
What are Self-paced and Externally-paced skills ?
Self-paced - performer CONTROLS the speed and timing of the skill
Externally-paced - performer NO CONTROLS the speed or timing of the skill
What is Mental practice and when to use ?
is going through the skill in the mind without movement
- skill is complex and serial
- performer either autonomous (focus) or cognitive (build image)
What is the OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING theory ?
is learning acceptable/unacceptable behaviour by watching and coping other people
- more likely to be coped if demonstration by similar ability, action reinforced/successful and consistent/relevant
1) ATTENTION - demonstration is accurate + attractive
2) RETENTION - remembering through clear image + able to recall it
3) MOTOR PRODUCTION - mental/physically ability to do the task
4) MOTIVATION - having the drive to do task - praise
What are the Purposes of feedback ?
- reinforces correct actions
- correct errors
- improve confidence
- gives motivation
- eliminates bad habits
What is Knowledge of performance (KP) feedback ?
is about technique
- why skill had certain outcome ?
What are the Strategies to improve SELECTIVE ATTENTION?
- increase intensity of the stimulus e.g. ball brighter
- increase fitness levels/reduce fatigue to lengthen attention span
- Practice with distractions to increase ability to block out distractions
- increase time to react - slow stimulus down
How does CHUNKING/CHAINING improve the decision making process ?
- there are fewer single pieces of information to be processed which improves working memory recalling information from LTM faster
