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A-level Physical Education Year 1 > Skill Acquisition > Flashcards

Skill Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad ?

A

deals with VISUAL + SPATIAL information

- temporary stores information

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2
Q

What is Massed practice and when to use ?

A

is continuously practicing skill with rest intervals

  • skill is discrete, closed, self-paced and simple
  • performer is autonomous and highly motivated
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3
Q

What is Visual Guidance ?

A

guidance that can be seen, a demonstration - create a clear image

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4
Q

What is Response Time ?

A

time taken from the onset of stimulus to completion of task

= reaction time + movement time

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5
Q

What the model which represents Information Processing ?

A

The Whiting Model

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6
Q

What is Negative feedback ?

A

is error correction

- what was incorrect - eliminated

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7
Q

What is Bilateral transfer of learning ?

A

the learned skill can be passed across the body from limb to limb
- e.g. snooker shot on one hand to the other hand

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8
Q

What are the three stages of learning ?

A

They are cognitive, associative and autonomous

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9
Q

What feedback suits a Cognitive performer ?

A
  • rely on extrinsic feedback from coach
  • positive
  • knowledge of results
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10
Q

What are the three Presentation of Practices ?

A

They are Whole, Whole-part-whole and Progressive part practice

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11
Q

What is Anticipation ?

A

is pre-judging a stimulus

1) Temporal - when it is going to happen
2) Spatial - where + what is going to happen
- incorrect anticipation = PRP

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12
Q

What is Distributed practice and when to use ?

A

is practice skill with rest intervals

  • skill is continuous, serial, open, complex and dangerous
  • performer is cognitive, unfit or lack of motivation
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13
Q

What are the four stages of leaning plateaus ?

A

1) cognitive stage - trial+error and work out subroutines
2) rapid acceleration in rate of learning - success = cause motivation and reinforcement
3) no improvement due to plateaus (straight line)
4) DRIVE REDUCTION - towards ends tips due to fatigue - need a new challenge/task

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14
Q

What is Positive feedback ?

A

is encouragement

- what was correct - se will repeat

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15
Q

What the advantages and disadvantages of Whole-part-whole practice ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- whole skill kinaesthetic maintained 
- weak part able to be improved 
- increase motivation + confidence 
- fluency between subroutines 
NEGATIVE 
- time consuming 
- kinaesthetic feeling affected if part not integrated quickly
- no highly organised skills can be used
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16
Q

What is working Memory ?

A

it processes information from our environment and is controlled in the CENTRAL EXECUTIVE - controls information moving in and out of memory system
- it links with the Long-term memory but has limited capacity

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17
Q

How do we store information in our memory ?

A 
Males - MENTAL PRACTICE 
And - ASSOCIATION 
Females - FOCUS 
Can - CHUNKING 
 Run - REWARDS
Charity - CHAINING 
Races - REPETITION
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18
Q

What are Open and closed skills ?

A

Open - skill performed in an UNPREDICTABLE environment

Closed - skill performed in an PREDICTABLE environment

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19
Q

What are the strategies to improve response time ?

A
  • practice
  • selective attention
  • mental rehearsal
  • experience
  • improve fitness
  • warm up
  • gain optimum arousal
  • detect cues early
  • attempt ANTICIPATION
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20
Q

What are Simple and Complex skills ?

A

Simple - skill requires LIMITED decisions to be made

Complex - skill requires SERVAL decisions to be made

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21
Q

What are Discrete, Serial and Continuous Skills ?

A

Discrete - a skill has a CLEAR beginning and end
Continuous - a skill has NO CLEAR beginning and end
Serial - serval discrete skills performed together

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22
Q

What is feedback and the six types ?

A

is information received about performance or to aid error correlation

  • positive
  • negative
  • intrinsic
  • extrinsic
  • knowledge of results
  • knowledge of performance
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23
Q

What feedback suits a Autonomous performer ?

A
  • use intrinsic feedback - kinaesthetic
  • extrinsic can be negative
  • use knowledge of performance
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24
Q

What are the functions and characteristcs of the WM and LTM ?

A
  • WM - limited time scale (30s)
  • WM - limited capacity
  • WM - initiates action by sending memory trace
  • WM - relevant information by selective attention
  • LTM - stores information as motor programme
  • LTM - unlimited capacity and time
  • LTM - sends motor programme to WM
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25
Q

How to develop Schema ?

A
  • varied practice - experience
  • skills are transferable to game situation
  • feedback to improve skill
  • praise + positive reinforcement
  • practice range of skills
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26
Q

What are the stages of the Schema theory ?

A

1) RECALL schema
- initial conditions
- response specification
2) RECOGNITION schema
- sensory consequences
- response outcome

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27
Q

What is a Plateaus ?

A

is a period of no improvement in performance

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28
Q

What is Manual Guidance ?

A

guidance that involves physical support

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29
Q

What is Verbal Guidance ?

A

guidance thats a explanation of the techniques required for performing a task

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30
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Manual Guidance ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- effective for cognitive 
- eliminate danger 
- build confidence 
- kinaesthetic can be felt 
- whole skill attempted 
NEGATIVE 
- performer may become dependent on the support.
- demotivated
- the proximity of the coach might be upsetting.
- bad habits.
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31
Q

What feedback suits a Associative performer ?

A
  • develop kinaesthetic - intrinsic feedback
  • extrinsic feedback to refine skill
  • begin to use knowledge of performance
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32
Q

What is Hick’s Law ?

A

reaction time increases (slower), as the number of choices increases

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33
Q

Whats involved in the INPUT stage of Information Processing ?

A

information is picked up from the senses ( from display e.g. opponent) using the RECEPTORS SYSTEMS

  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Touch
  • Proprioception
  • Kinaesthetic
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34
Q

What is Whole-part-whole practice and when to use it ?

A

is attempting the skill as a whole then practicing one subroutine (weakness) and attempting as a whole again

  • skill is complex, fast and ballistic
  • performer is cognitive and autonomous
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35
Q

What is Knowledge of results (KR) feedback ?

A

is concerning the outcome

- skill was successful ?

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36
Q

What is the SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT theory ?

A

is learning through interaction - learning by association with other - social development

1) Role of social interaction
- inter-psychological learning - from other by watching
- intra-psychological learning - constructivism actions based on learning from others
2) MKO - more knowledgeable others
- person who has a greater understanding of task + gives you advice
3) Zone of Proximal development
- what can i achieve alone ?
- what can i achieve with help ?
- what can i not achieve yet ?

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37
Q

Description Cognitive stage of learning ?

A
  • performer begins to create clear image
  • accurate demonstration is necessary
  • many mistakes made
  • trial and error method
  • movement jerky and uncoordinated
  • no motor programme formed
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38
Q

What are the characteristics of a skill ?

A 
L - learned 
A - accurate 
CATS - controlled 
GET - goal directed
A - aesthetically pleasing 
FISH - fluent 
CONSISTENTLY - consistently 
EVERY - efficient 
SATURDAY - smooth
EVENING - economical
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39
Q

What are Gross and Fine skills ?

A

Gross - skill performed using LARGE muscle groups

Fine - skill performed using SMALLER muscle groups

40
Q

Description Associative stage of learning ?

A
  • continue to practice skill
  • start to compared to skilled athletes
  • make few mistakes
  • movement smoother and coordinated
  • start to focus on fine aspects
  • motor programme developed
41
Q

What is Psychological refractory Period (PRP) ?

A

states their is a delay when the second stimulus is presented before the first stimulus has been processed

  • increase reaction time (slower)
  • e.g. tennis go for volley then the ball hits the net
42
Q

What is Negative transfer of learning ?

A

the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill
- e.g. forearm in tennis to forearm in badminton

43
Q

Whats involved in the DECISION MAKING stage of Information Processing ?

A

1) PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM - INTERPRETS information from display/environment
- D - Detection - detect appropriate stimulus
- C - Comparison - matching stimulus to memory (LTM)
- R - Recognition - choosing appropriate response
- Selective attention occurs

2) TRANSLATORY MECHANISM - Uses gathered information to make a DECISION

44
Q

What is Variable practice and when to use ?

A

is practicing the skill in a changing environment

  • skill is open, externally-paced and complex
  • performer is cognitive and lack of motivation
45
Q

What the advantages and disadvantages of Whole practice ?

A

POSITIVE
- not time consuming
- develops kinaesthetic feeling (awareness)
- easily transfer to game situation
- fluent between subroutines - consistent
NEGATIVE
- difficult for cognitive performers
- could cause fatigue and overload
- have to be physically capable for producing whole skill

46
Q

What the advantages and disadvantages of Mental practice ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- clear image 
- see success 
- rehearse tactics and strategies 
- improve reaction time + confidence 
NEGATIVE 
- must be accurate 
- difficult in loud environment
47
Q

What is Information Processing ?

A

the method by which data from environment are collected and utilised

1) Input Stage
2) Decision making
3) Output stage
4) Feedback

48
Q

How can a coach encourage positive transfer of learning ?

A
  • make the practice environment like the game situation (realistic and relevant)
  • give praise and positive encouragement if positive transfer occurs
  • over-learn first skill before introducing the second skill
  • avoid opportunities for bad habits to develop e.g. teaching skill close together
49
Q

Define Skill ?

A

the learned ability to bring about pre-determined results with minimum outlay of energy, time or both

50
Q

What is Mechanical Guidance ?

A

guidance involves a device/artificial aid

51
Q

What the advantages and disadvantages of Distributed practice ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- more effective than massed 
- allow time for recovery 
- mental practice 
- coach can give feedback 
NEGATIVE 
- time consuming 
- cause negative transfer
52
Q

What the advantages and disadvantages of Progressive part practice ?

A

POSITIVE
- rest reduces chance of fatigue
- aid understanding of each part
- motivation from success
- danger reduced
NEGATIVE
- time consuming
- no highly organised skills can be used
- kinaesthetic feeling not experience till the end
- fluency negatively affected - negative transfer

53
Q

What is the Phonological Loop ?

A

deals with the AUDITORY information e.g. sound

  • temporary stores information
  • send to long-term memory to trigger the motor programme
54
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Verbal Guidance ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- can be given immediately 
- conjunction with visual guidance 
- useful for open skills to adapt and make decisions 
NEGATIVE 
- too much information might cause overload 
- performer might lose concentration.
- the language could be too complex.
55
Q

What are the Causes and Solution of Plateaus ?

A 
CAUSES 
- lack of motivation 
- boredom 
- poor coaching 
- limited of ability 
- fatigue 
- incorrect goal setting 
SOLUTIONS 
- new challenge 
- variable practice 
- alternative coach/coaching methods 
- complete against similar abilities 
- SMARTER principle
56
Q

What are the three theories about factors that influence response time ?

A

1) Hick’s Law
2) Single-Channel Hypothesis
3) Psychological refractory Period (PRP)

57
Q

Whats involved in the FEEDBACK stage of Information Processing ?

A

once the motor programme is put into action, both intrinsic and extrinsic occur

58
Q

What is Selective Attention and how does it improve performance ?

A

is filtering out relevant information from irrelevant information and improve performance by :

  • aids concentration
  • improve reaction time
  • filter out distractions
  • control arousal levels
  • reduce chance of information overload
59
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Visual Guidance ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- provide clear idea of skill
- mental practice
- highlights weaknesses 
- conjunction with verbal guidance 
NEGATIVE 
- too much information might be given at once.
- demonstration must be accurate.
- performer might not be capable of matching the demonstration.
60
Q

What is Whole practice and when to use it ?

A

is practicing the skill in its entirely (not broken-down)

  • skill is simple, discrete, fast, ballistic, continuous and highly organised
  • performer is autonomous
61
Q

What are the three ‘Slave’ systems of the working memory ?

A

1) Phonological Loop
2) Visuospatial Sketchpad
3) Episodic Buffer

62
Q

What is the OPERANT CONDITIONING theory ?

A

leaning the skill through the use of reinforcement to ensure correct responses are repeated

  • based on link between stimulus + response (S-R bond)
  • coach should :
    1) trial and error
    2) manipulate environment
    3) offer a SATISFER or ANNOYER to shape behaviour
  • positive reinforcement e.g. praise
  • negative reinforcement e.g. stop shouting
  • punishment - eliminate incorrect action
63
Q

What is the INSIGHT LEARNING theory ?

A

aims to develop learning the skill by understanding the relationship between the subroutines through experiencing the whole task rather than part leaning

e. g. 3000m - develop tactics
- positive effect on performance :
1) promote understanding
2) develop ability to think
3) give motivation + satisfaction
4) concentrate on whole skill

64
Q

What is Reaction Time ?

A

time taken from onset of stimulus to onset of the response

65
Q

What does the memory system do ?

A

it stores and retrieves information, makes comparisons with previous movement experiences and selects which motor programme to retrieve in order to produce movement

66
Q

What is Zero transfer of learning ?

A

the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another skill
- e.g. swimming to climbing

67
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical Guidance ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- effective for cognitive 
- eliminate danger 
- build confidence 
- kinaesthetic can be felt 
- whole skill attempted 
NEGATIVE
- performer may become dependent on the support.
- demotivated
- create incorrect kinaesthetic feeling 
- bad habits.
68
Q

Description Autonomous stage of learning ?

A
  • movement is fluent, efficient and aesthetic pleasing
  • skill executed automatically
  • motor programme fully developed
  • long term memory
  • concentrate on tactics
  • still need to practice to stay at level
69
Q

What is the Recognition schema stage ?

A

is control and evaluates the movement

1) SENSORY CONSEQUENCE - information about feel of the movement - intrinsic feedback/Kinaesthetic
2) RESPONSE OUTCOME - the feedback about the results - gathering information concerning results

70
Q

Whats involved in the OUTPUT stage of Information Processing ?

A

is when the skill is produced.
1) EFFECTOR MECHANISMS - TRANSFER decision via nervous system to the muscle to complete the action

2) MUSCULAR SYSTEM - receive impulse which cause muscular contraction

71
Q

What is the transferring of learning ?

A

the effect of leaning and performance of one skill on leaning and performance of another skill

  • positive
  • negative
  • zero
  • bilateral
72
Q

What is Intrinsic feedback ?

A

is from within

- sense of kinaesthetic feeling

73
Q

What the advantages and disadvantages of Massed practice ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- improve fitness 
- motor programmes formed 
- over-learned skill = habit 
NEGATIVE 
- no time for feedback
- cause fatigue
- have to be physically capable for practice
74
Q

Whats involved in the INPUT stage of Information Processing ?

A

information is picked up from the senses ( from display) using the RECEPTORS SYSTEMS

  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Touch
  • Equilibrium
  • Kinaesthetic
75
Q

What are Highly-organised and Low-organised skills ?

A

Highly-organised - skill that is DIFFICULT to BREAKDOWN into subroutines
Low-organised - skill that is EASY to BREAKDOWN into subroutines

76
Q

What does the Long-term memory do ?

A

stores coded information form the environment - received from the working memory
- memory traces can be compared in the LTM- unlimited capacity

77
Q

What is the Episodic Buffer ?

A 
stores chunks (episodes) of information 
- sequences in WM to the LTM
78
Q

What is the Schema theory (Schmidt) ?

A

a generalised motor programme that allows performers to adapt their skills and transfer experience of one skill to another
- brain is unable to store and retrieve every individual pass separated in the LTM - instead store a schema

79
Q

What is Extrinsic feedback ?

A

is from a outside source

- gain a different view - coach

80
Q

What is Single-Channel Hypothesis ?

A

states that only one stimulus can be processed at once. second stimulus has to wait till the first one has finished (bottleneck)

81
Q

What are the two types of reaction time ?

A

1) Simple - one stimulus and one response (low RT)

2) Choice - serval stimulus and serval responses (high RT)

82
Q

What the advantages and disadvantages of Variable practice ?

A 
POSITIVE 
- increase motivation 
- develop schema 
- experience in range of conditions 
- positive transfer
NEGATIVE 
- time consuming 
- cause fatigue 
- negative transfer 
- maybe information overload
83
Q

What is Movement Time ?

A

time taken from onset of movement to completion of task

84
Q

What is Progressive part practice and when to use it ?

A

practicing the first subroutine then gradually adding parts to whole skill - known as chaining

  • skill is complex, serial, low organised and dangerous
  • performer is cognitive
85
Q

What is the Recall schema stage ?

A

is storing information about and initiates the movement

1) INITIAL CONDITIONS - information from the environment and whether been in situation before
2) RESPONSE SPECIFICATION - information about what to do - what movement to perform

86
Q

What is Positive transfer of learning ?

A

the learning of one skill helps the learning of another skill
- e.g. netball pass to basketball pass

87
Q

What are the four methods of guidance ?

A

They are Visual, Verbal, Manual and Mechanical

88
Q

what are the four type of practices ?

A

They are massed, distributed, variable and mental practice.

89
Q

What are Self-paced and Externally-paced skills ?

A

Self-paced - performer CONTROLS the speed and timing of the skill
Externally-paced - performer NO CONTROLS the speed or timing of the skill

90
Q

What is Mental practice and when to use ?

A

is going through the skill in the mind without movement

  • skill is complex and serial
  • performer either autonomous (focus) or cognitive (build image)
91
Q

What is the OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING theory ?

A

is learning acceptable/unacceptable behaviour by watching and coping other people

  • more likely to be coped if demonstration by similar ability, action reinforced/successful and consistent/relevant
    1) ATTENTION - demonstration is accurate + attractive
    2) RETENTION - remembering through clear image + able to recall it
    3) MOTOR PRODUCTION - mental/physically ability to do the task
    4) MOTIVATION - having the drive to do task - praise
92
Q

What are the Purposes of feedback ?

A
  • reinforces correct actions
  • correct errors
  • improve confidence
  • gives motivation
  • eliminates bad habits
93
Q

What is Knowledge of performance (KP) feedback ?

A

is about technique

- why skill had certain outcome ?

94
Q

What are the Strategies to improve SELECTIVE ATTENTION?

A
  • increase intensity of the stimulus e.g. ball brighter
  • increase fitness levels/reduce fatigue to lengthen attention span
  • Practice with distractions to increase ability to block out distractions
  • increase time to react - slow stimulus down
95
Q

How does CHUNKING/CHAINING improve the decision making process ?

A
  • there are fewer single pieces of information to be processed which improves working memory recalling information from LTM faster

A-level Physical Education Year 1 (3 decks)

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