sport psychology Flashcards
positive reward
adding pleasant consequence after desired behaviour to increase behaviour
an example of positive behaviour
winning a trophy after winning a game
negative reward
removing an unpleasant event after desired behaviour to increase behaviour
an example of negative reward
coach stop nagging after the player comes to practice on time
what is positive reinforcement
pleasant event follows the behaviour
what is negative reinforcement ?
removal of unpleasant event follows behaviour
what is important when scheduling reinforcement?
the timing and frequency
describe the continuous element of scheduling reinforcement?
reinforcement occurs after each response
describe the intermittent element of scheduling reinforcement ?
reinforcement occurs after some response
pros and cons of continuous reinforcement ?
faster results, quicker extinction of targeted behaviour
pros and cons of intermittent reinforcement ?
longer term mention for targeted behaviour, takes longer to condition behaviour
what is shaping?
guiding someone to the correct thing , begin with a larger accepted range and this then will reduce over time and become matched to targeted behaviour
what is positive punishment ?
addition of an aversive even followed unwanted behaviour
an example of positive punishment?
do 10 sit ups for being late to practice
what is negative punishment?
removal of a pleasant event following unwanted behaviour
an example of negative punishment ?
not being allowed to play on the team because you were late and behaved badly in training/ practice
implications for motivation in terms of rewarding ?
rewarding athletes desired behaviour will increase the motivation to perform desired behaviours
what are the 2 types of motivation?
intrinsic and extrinsic
what is intrinsic motivation?
motivation to comes from within ourselves and to improve the skills for our own sake and satisfaction
what is extrinsic motivation?
motivation created by the surrounding environment which can also include trophies, prices
reinforces for implication for motivation?
social - praise and publicity
material - trophies and scholarships
activity - playing games
implications to practice (reinforcement, punishment)
different people need different reinforcement
people receive different reinforcer in different situations
what should a teacher/coach do to facilitate intrinsic motivation
should create an environment which facilitates motivation for each individual
what is motivation ?
the intensity and direction of ones effort
the attribution theory ?
assumes people strive to explain, understand and predict future events based on their cognitive perceptions
the attribution process
event, outcome, post analysis, attribution/explanation, affective response and future expectation, motivation for subsequent participantion
what is self-handicapping?
self-attributional process which , win or lose, protects self-esteem
don’t really care
success =
causes feelings of hopefulness to achieve in future event
failure =
results in hopelessness
what are signs of self-handicapping?
missing practice, reduced effort, poor behaviour, false/exaggerated handicaps - illness, injury
what is the self-system ?
a complex system of self
what is self-concept?
the perceptions and beliefs we have about ourselves
“who am i”
what are the multidimensional model
physical, emotional, social and academic
what is self-esteem ?
individual judgment and evaluation we make regarding ourselves and our own worth
what is self-confidence?
the belief an individual has to successfully perform desired behaviour
what is self-efficacy ?
the perception or expectation of ones ability to perform a task successfully
what are the sources that impact self-efficacy ?
performance accomplishments, verbal persuasion, vicarious experiences (modelling), imaginal experiences, physical state and emotional state
explain each sources of self efficacy ?
performance accomplishment - success will further foster success.
verbal persuasion from coach/teacher prints you can do it!!!!!1
vicarious experiences (aka modelling), get a model of similar age, ability and stage to perform and this will enhance self-efficacy
imaginal experiences - get them to imagine themselves succeeding
physical state -
emotional state - your mood will influence self-efficacy, positive emotional state enhances self-efficacy
what is the order from the broadest to the narrowest os the self-system ?
self-concept, self-esteem, self-confidence and self-efficacy
what is social facilitation?
the presence of others can help performance on well-learned or simple tasks and inhibits performance on under learned or complex tasks.
why do other affect performance ?
the idea of being evaluated causes an increase in arousal when in the presence of others
but all audiences are not the same. why?
interactive audiences - for example throwing bottles onto pitch
what are the home (dis)advantages ?
playing in front of a supportive and interactive home crowd can facilitate performance in some cases
what characteristics of a crowd can impact performance ?
the size, density and intimacy
social facilitation - implications to practice
devote sufficient time to learning
eliminate audience and evaluation during learning situations
take note of what audience characteristics impact the athletes/students performance
what is social - loafing ?
when an individual in a group puts less than 100% effort in due to lack of motivation
implication for practice - social - loafing ?
emphasise the importance of the individuals pride and unique contribution
determine specific situations in which social loafing occurs
conduct individual meetings to discuss social loafingg
divide the group into smaller units
conclusion
audience can either facilitate or deliberate performance depending on the stage of learning, crowd interaction etc
the effect of social facilitation on performance is closely related to arousal and anxiety
more people in a group does not lead to improvement in performance
