Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AS ocr PE > Sport Psychology > Flashcards

Sport Psychology Flashcards

(97 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is personality

A

The sum total of an individuals psychological characteristics which make him or her unique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Equation for trait theory

A

Behaviour = function of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Main ideas of trait theory

A 
It doesnt change over time
Genetics play a large role
Born with traits
Cant help how u act
Stable, consistent and long lasting in a variety of situations (always act the same)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Extrovert personality

A

Achieve better in high arousal
Prefer team orientated games
Involve gross motor skills
More outgoing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Introvert personality

A

Precision activities
Shy, quiet and reserved
Dont need added stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neurotic personality

A

Unstable
Varied
Extreme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stable personality

A

Consistent

Predictable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Outline Eysenck’s theory of personality

A 
Two major dimensions
Introvert/extrovert
Stable/unstable
75% traits
25% environmental
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the reticular activating system? (RAS)

A

Introverts are more likely to become aroused than extroverts

Sensitivity in an area of their brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Type A personalities

A 
Impatient
Rapid pace
Anxiety in stress
Lack tolerance
Easily aroused
Makes quick decisions without much though

Team games

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type B personalities

A 
Relaxed
Patient
Less competitive 
Tolerant of others mistakes
Allows time to complete tasks

Individual sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Main ideas of Bandura’s social learning theory

A

Learn from observing others around you
Social reinforcement
Demonstration, attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation -> leads to matching a performance
Dependant on environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Social learning theory equation

A

Behaviour = function of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vicarious conditioning

A

Learning of emotional responses by watching others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ideas about the interactionist approach

A

There’s a relationship between personality, environment and performance
Determining factor is the situation they’re placed in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hollander’s 3 levels of personality

A

Psychological core - beliefs/views that remain permanent

Typical responses - how a person responds to a situation

Role related behaviour - different behaviour depending on the situation

Social environment - behaviour/expectations of others effects our role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disadvantages of using personality questionnaires

A
  • no proof that the tests can determine a persons personality
  • questions could be answered differently depending on the day/how a person is feeling
  • people answer because they feel like they should and dont give honest answers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Attitude

A

A learned emotional and behavioural response to a stimulus or situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Attitude object

A

What u make judgement about and what u have feelings towards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Triadic model

A

Cognitive component - knowledge and beliefs, formed on info about an attitude object

Affective component - emotional response to an attitude object

Behavioural component - how a person intends to behave towards and object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory - Festinger 1957

A

Individuals like to be consistent in what they do/feel/believe
This results in individuals having contradictory thoughts about someone/something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Persuasive communication theory

A

Persuader - attempts to change beliefs
Receiver - trying to be changed
Message - quality of info the persuader is giving

Active attempt to reinforce/modify/change the attitude of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Evaluation of trying to change peoples attitudes

A

+ consistency will help to change it
+ very simple to do
+ helps a person become more knowledgeable

  • some people are stubborn and they wont change their mind
  • some people arent open to listening to others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is achievement motivation?

A

Fundamental drive to succeed/persist with a task

Achievement motivation = intrinsic motivation - cognitive state anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the probability of success?
How likely you are to win/achieve/succeed
26
What is incentive value?
How much a person thinks they'll gain/lose by accepting a challenge
27
Need to achieve personality (NACH)
``` Very driven Likes feedback Not afraid of failure Likes a challenge Always persistent ```
28
Need to avoid failure personality (NAF)
Gives up easily Avoids challenges if they think they'll fail Dont want to listen to feedback
29
How to change a NAF personality
Reduce punishments Give negative feedback on effort rather than ability Use positive reinforcement
30
Somatic arousal
Changes to the state of the body
31
Cognitive arousal
Psychological changes
32
Driver theory of arousal
An increase in arousal is proportional to an increase in the quality of physical performance Higher arousal would benefit an expert
33
What is arousal
Level of inner drives that a person has | Can have a positive or negative effect
34
Inverted U theory of arousal
Optimum point for performance/arousal | Performance then starts to decrease as arousal becomes too high
35
What happens is a person is under aroused
Performance will decrease | Not prepared or in the right frame of mind to compete
36
What happens when a person reaches optimum arousal
The point will vary for everyone | Peak performance
37
What will happen if a person becomes over aroused
Not focused Lose control Performance will decrease
38
Catastrophe theory of arousal
Cognitive arousal must be kept low for optimum performance to be reached If cognitive & somatic are too high then it may send the performer 'over the edge' and performance will drastically decrease
39
What is aggression
Physical/symbolic behaviour with the intention of harming someone or something
40
What is hostile aggression
Deliberate intention to harm/injure | Breaks the rules of the games
41
What is channelled aggression
Robust play Not to inflict injury Directed towards completing the skill successfully
42
Causes of aggression
``` Frustration at yourself/others Parents/spectators Bad refereeing Fouling Bad state of mind People not listening Rivalries Poor performance ```
43
Instinct theory of aggression
Freud Innate & instinct Based on traits
44
Social learning theory of aggression
Bandura Observation & imitation Assume the behaviour is socially acceptable
45
Frustration aggression hypothesis
Dollard | Achievement is being blocked which leads to frustration
46
Aggression cue hypothesis
Berkowitz Readiness for anger Initiated by a certain cue/event Environmental
47
Cognitive strategies to eliminate aggression
``` Imagery Mental rehearsal Positive self talk Walk away Reason with yourself Count to 10 ```
48
Somatic strategies to eliminate aggression
Breathing exercises | Relaxation techniques
49
What is anxiety
An emotional state, similar to fear, associated with physiological and psychological arousal and with feeling of nervousness and apprehension
50
Cognitive anxiety
Mental response to a situation
51
Somatic anxiety
Physical response to a situation
52
State anxiety
Anxiety felt in a particular situation
53
Trait anxiety
Personality traits | - the same in each situation
54
Imagery (Cognitive anxiety techniques)
``` Internal - looking at surroundings External - look at yourself from environment Imagine successful performances Use all senses Can focus on specific elements ```
55
Mental rehearsal (Cognitive anxiety techniques)
Go over the performance in your mind without moving Build confidence Can be done even if youre injured
56
Positive self-talk (Cognitive anxiety techniques)
Athlete endorses their own ability by talking to them self Inner voice Boost confidence For people at a higher level
57
Rational thinking (Cognitive anxiety techniques)
Help anxiety that grows from an imbalance of perception between ability & situational demands Evaluate the situation
58
Biofeedback (Somatic anxiety techniques)
Learn methods that work best to get in the best physiological state Listen to HR monitor and try techniques to see which works best
59
Breathing (Somatic anxiety techniques)
Reduce & control erratic breathing Deep breaths to reduce tension Feel more relaxed
60
Progressive muscular relaxation (Somatic anxiety techniques)
Tensing and relaxing muscles all over the body | Use with other techniques
61
What is social facilitation
Positive influence of others who may be watching/competing
62
What is social inhibition
Negative influence of others, leads to a decrease in sports performance
63
Zajonc's model of social facilitation
Present others - passive - audience/performers - interactive - emotive supporters/co-active competitors
64
Cottrell's theory of evaluation apprehension
If an audience is perceived as evaluating performance, then this will cause anxiety and possibly over arousal This would mean that people could be stressed even though the audience werent evaluating their performance
65
Effects of social facilitation on performance - home advantage
Interactive audience Not sure why it exists Presence of a supportive audience Havent traveled so not as tired
66
Effects of social facilitation on performance - personality factors
Type A will perform worse than Type B in the presence of others Extroverts prefer high arousal
67
Effects of social facilitation on performance - levels of experience
Experiences of good/bad audiences will influence future feelings Highly skilled are likely to perform better Knowledge of the crowd could increase evaluation apprehension Presence of peers increases pride and enhances performance
68
Effects of social facilitation on performance - type of skill
Complex/fine will be better in low arousal | Cant focus on the skill due to being distracted by the crowd
69
Effects of social facilitation on performance - proximity effect
If the audience is closer than it will have a greater effect on arousal
70
Effects of social facilitation on performance - distraction-conflict theory
Lose concentration Audience evaluation apprehension Attention is disrupted Practice skills in distracting situations
71
Effects of social facilitation on performance - audience characteristics
Facilitate or inhibit Home advantage Intimacy of audience Rowdy crowds
72
Strategies to minimise the effects of social inhibition
``` Selective attention Mental rehearsal Positive self talk Practicing in the presence of an audience Dominant response Confidence building ```
73
Definition of group dynamics
Social processes operating within the group between individual members
74
Formation of groups - forming
Leader plays the dominant role Make an effort to get to know eachother Positive/polite/anxious
75
Formation of groups - storming
Conflict between members Question the worth of the teams goal Challenging authority Many teams fail at this stage
76
Formation of groups - norming
Resolve differences Socialise together Develop stronger commitments Could be new conflicts
77
Formation of groups - performing
Everyone works together towards the goal Hard work without friction People joining/leaving wont disrupt it
78
What is a group
Social aggregates that involve mutual awareness, a common goal and the potential for interaction
79
Steiner's model - productivity equation
Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
80
Ringlemann effect --> co-ordination losses
Players being selfish/aggressive High levels of interaction Not working together
81
Social loafing --> motivation losses
People dont work as hard in groups as they would individually Rely on others to pick up the slack
82
SMARTER goal setting - specific
Based on what youre trying to achieve | Clear
83
SMARTER goal setting - measurable
Know when youve met it | Target to aim for
84
SMARTER goal setting - accepted
Everyone agrees with it | Team goals
85
SMARTER goal setting - realistic
Achievable | Suitable for your own skill set
86
SMARTER goal setting - timed
More motivated to get it done before the deadline
87
SMARTER goal setting - exciting
Dont want to get bored and lose motivation
88
SMARTER goal setting - recorded
So you wont go back on your word | Clear focus
89
How does goal setting influence performance
1 - directs attention to certain task 2 - increases effort applied 3 - improves persistence 4 - increases motivation
90
Long term goals
Ultimate aim Extended period Could appear daunting
91
Short term goals
Immediate success Set at existing capabilities Progressively more difficult
92
Medium term goals
Occur during short term goal sequence Endorse effectiveness More significant improvement indicatiors
93
Performance goals
Made against previous performance | Measurable
94
Process goals
Improve techniques | Better performance
95
Product goals
Winning outcomes End result Externally controlled
96
Evaluation of time based goals
+ motivated to get it done + success from short term - lose motivation if you dont meet target - long term seem daunting - become stressed near end of time frame
97
Evaluation of activity based goals
+ process goals are best for cognitive + product goals best for autonomous stage + improve technique + adaptable - may not be suitable for skill levels - some people wont pull their weight on team goals

AS ocr PE (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions