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AS ocr PE > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Arm/hand bones

A 
Humerus
Ulna
Radius (thumb side)
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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2
Q

Leg/ankle/feet bones

A 
Acetabulum
Head of femur
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Talis
Calcaneous
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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3
Q

Chest/shoulders/head

A 
Sternum
Ribs
Clavicle
Scapula
Glenoid fossa
Skull/cranium
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4
Q

Pelvis

A

Illium

Ischium

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5
Q

Synovial joint features

A

Ligaments
Capsule
Cartilage
Fluid

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6
Q

Ligament

A

Dense connective tissue
Prevents extreme movement
Prevents the joint getting injured

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7
Q

Synovial fluid

A

In space enclosed by articular cartilage
Lubrication/shock absorption/nutrient distribution
Keeps joint mobile and allows smoother movement

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8
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Smooth layers that line end of bones
Minimise friction/shock absorption
Perform pain free as bones dont grind

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9
Q

Joint capsule

A

2 layers of tissue outside the joint
Outer - hold bones together
Inner - absorb/secrete fluid
Prevents injury

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10
Q

Bursa

A

Sac lines with fluid, at points of friction
Prevents friction between tendon/bone and allows free movement
Reduces pain

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11
Q

Knee joint features

A

ACL- anterior cruciate ligament
LCL- lateral collateral ligament
MCL- medial collateral ligament
PCL- posterior cruciate ligament

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12
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Vertically divides body into left and right
Front/back movement
Flexion, extension, dorsi-flexion, plantar-flexion

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13
Q

Frontal plane

A

Vertically divides into posterior and anterior
Side to side
Adduction and abduction

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14
Q

Transverse plane

A

Horizontally divides into superior and inferior
Around a fixed point
Horizontal extension/flexion
Lateral/medial rotation

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15
Q

Fixator

A

Muscle that holds the active joint in place

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16
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle that causes the movement

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17
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that relaxes to allow the movement

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18
Q

Origin

A

Bone that remains stationary

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19
Q

Insertion

A

Bone that moves towards the origin

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20
Q

Muscles at ankle joint

A

Tibialus anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

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21
Q

Quadriceps - knee joint

A

Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

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22
Q

Hamstrings - knee joint

A

Biceps femoris
Semi-tendinosus
Semi-membranosus

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23
Q

Hip joint - muscles

A 
Iliopsoas (front)
Gluteus maximus (back)

Brevis/magnus/longus (inner thigh)

Gluteus medius/minimus (side)

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24
Q

Shoulder joint - muscles

A 
Posterior deltoid (back)
Middle deltoid (middle)
Anterior deltoid (front)
Latissimus dorsi
Trapezius
Pectoralis major
Teres major/subscapularis/infraspinatus/teres minor
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25
Q

Elbow muscles

A

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

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26
Q

Wrist muscles

A

Wrist extensors

Wrist flexors

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27
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

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28
Q

Core stability muscles

A

Transverse abdominis
Multifidis

Help to stabilise the body
Good posture
Solid base
Aids all movement

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29
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Isotonic
Muscles shortens as it contracts
Pulls two bones together and causes movement

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30
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Isotonic
Muscle lengthens as it contracts
Controls movement
Resists forces e.g. gravity

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31
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Muscle remains the same length
Creates tension
No movement
Maintains posture

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32
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

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33
Q

Motor neuron

A

Nerve cell that conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

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34
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical produced by a neuron which transmits nerve impulses across the synaptic cleft to muscle fibres, called acetylcholine

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35
Q

Axon

A

Long projection from neuron which carries electrical impulses away from cell body

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36
Q

Motor end plate

A

Found at the end of the axon and makes contact with muscle fibres over the synaptic cleft

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37
Q

All or none law

A

All fibres will contract or not at all

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38
Q

Action potential

A

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and muscle fibres.

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39
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small gap between motor end plate and muscle fibres

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40
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Where motor end plates meet the muscle fibres

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41
Q

How a motor unit causes contraction

A

Signal from brain to neuron (CNS)

Impulse gathered in cell body

Signal moves along axon to motor end plate

Neuromuscular junction connects to muscle fibres

Signal moves across synaptic cleft with aid of acetylcholine

All or none law, cause action potential

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42
Q

Motor unit size

A

Small units, intricate movements in smaller muscles, few small SO fibres, dont fatigue, endurance events, maintain posture

Large units, gross movements in larger muscle groups, fatigue quickly, short/explosive movements

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43
Q

Slow oxidative fibres

A 
Type 1
Least amount of force
Lasts for long periods without fatigue
High mitochondria density
High myoglobin content
Slow contraction speed
Suited to long distance sports e.g. marathon
44
Q

Fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

A 
Type 2a
Begins to tire after 6 mins
Lower force for longer time
Large neuron size
Moderate mitochondria density
Moderate myoglobin content
High phosphocreatine stores
Faster speed of contraction
Suited to middle distance e.g. 1500m, 800m
45
Q

Fast glycolytic fibres

A 
Type 2b
Tire in around 2mins
Quick bursts of energy
Large neuron size
Low mitochondria density
Low myoglobin content
High phosphocreatine stores
Fast contraction speed
Low resistance to fatigue
Suited to short distance e.g. 100m, 300m hurdles
46
Q

Nature/nurture fibre types

A 
Nature- 
Inherited from parents
80% of europeans have FG
Super fast/slow twitch
Born with the gene
Nurture-
Sporty culture
Suitable environment
National sports (depends on country)
Opportunity for development
47
Q

DOMS

A

Delayed Onset of Muscular Soreness

Caused by eccentric fibre damage

48
Q

Endocardium (heart)

A

Thin inner layer

Smooth to allow blood to flow freely

49
Q

Myocardium (heart)

A

Muscular middle layer
Cardiac muscle tissue
Enables heart to contract

50
Q

Epicardium (heart)

A

Thin outer layer

Smooth to touch

51
Q

Chambers of heart

A 
Right atrium (deoxygenated blood)
Right ventricle (deoxygenated blood)

Septum

Left atrium (oxygenated blood)
Left ventricle (oxygenated blood)
52
Q

Pulmonary valve (heart)

A

Prevents blood from travelling to the lungs too soon

Right semilunar valve

53
Q

Tricuspid valve (heart)

A

Prevents blood from seeping into right ventricle

Right AV valve

54
Q

Aortic valve (heart)

A

Prevents blood from going to the body too soon

Left semilunar valve

55
Q

Bicuspid valve (heart)

A

Prevents blood leaking into left ventricle

Left AV valve

56
Q

Superior/inferior vena cava (heart)

A

Transport deoxygenated blood to right atrium

57
Q

Pulmonary artery (heart)

A

Takes blood away from right ventricle and to the lungs

58
Q

Pulmonary veins (heart)

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

59
Q

Aorta (heart)

A

Oxygenated blood to the rest of the body from the left ventricle

60
Q

Coronary arteries/veins

A

Arteries - supply heart with oxygen & glucose

Veins - drain deoxygenated blood back to right atrium via coronary sinus

61
Q

Passage of blood through dual circulatory system

A

Deoxygenated blood into right atrium through superior/inferior vena cava

Into right ventricle through tricuspid valve

Pulmonary artery carries through pulmonary valve to lungs to get oxygenated

Pulmonary veins carry back to left atrium

Into the left ventricle through bicuspid valve

Exits left ventricle through aortic valve/aorta and pumped to rest of the body

62
Q

Conduction system

A

SA node starts signal
Electrical impulse to atria to contract
AV node delays signal so atria can contract
Passed down AV bundle to right/left bundle branches
Purkinje fibres allow ventricles to contract

63
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Mechanical events of one heartbeat, 0.8 seconds
Diastole - relaxation of beat
Systole - contraction of beat

64
Q

Diastole

A

No electrical impulse
Heart relaxes
Blood into atria

65
Q

Atrial systole

A

SA node signal to atria
Atria contracts
Blood into ventricles

66
Q

Ventricular systole

A

AV node signal to bundle of His, purkinje fibres
Ventricle contracts
Blood goes to lungs

67
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute (cardiac cycle)

Average around 72bpm

68
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart rate below 60bpm

  • regular training
  • strong heart walls
69
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat
Average of 70ml
EDV - ESV = SV
Full amount - amount left = amount pumped out
Depends on venous return and ventricular elasticity/contractility

70
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

Volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per minute
Average 5000ml

Q=HRxSV

71
Q

HR during sub-max exercise

A 
Anticipatory rise
Rapid increase
Steady state/plateau
Rapid decrease
Resting levels
72
Q

HR during maximal

A

Anticipatory rise
Rapid increase
Slower rate of increase
Slow decrease to recovery

73
Q

Why does SV increase during exercise?

A

Increased venous return
Frank Starling Mechanism
-more blood/quicker it returns, greater stretch on heart wall
-stronger contraction

74
Q

Cardiac control centre (CCC)

A

Located in the medulla oblongata
Controls heart rate
Stimulates the SA node

75
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Detect movement in joints, tendons & muscles

Part of CCC neural control

76
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detects chemical change, o2, co2, lactic acid

Located in aorta and carotid artery

77
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detect increase in pressure

In arterial walls (stretch indicates blood pressure)

78
Q

Temperature in CCC

A

Change viscosity if blood

Speeds up nerve transmission

79
Q

Venous Return in CCC

A

Change stretch of ventricle walls

80
Q

Adrenaline/noradrenaline in CCC

A

Stimulate SA node and increase stroke volume

81
Q

Nerves in CCC

A

Accelerator nerve
Signal to SA node
Speed up HR
sympathetic nervous system

Vagus nerve
Parasympathetic nervous system
Slows HR

82
Q

Structure of arteries

A

Thick layer of smooth muscle

Allows vasodilation/constriction

83
Q

Structure of arterioles

A

Smaller arteries
Thick layer
Vasoconstriction/dilation
Pre-capillary sphincter, rings of smooth muscle that allow/stop flow of blood to direct it

84
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

Very thin wall
Slows blood flow
Allows gaseous exchange

85
Q

Structure of veins

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle
Venoconstriction/dilation
Have valves to allow blood to flow in one direction

86
Q

Structure of venule

A

Thin layer of smooth muscle

Venoconstriction/dilation

87
Q

Venous return

A

Blood transported from capillaries back to right atrium

88
Q

Mechanisms to help Venous Return

A

Pocket valves
blood only flows in one direction towards heart
In veins

Muscle pump
Muscles squeeze veins and force blood up

Respiratory pump
Change in pressure in thoracic cavity

Gravity
Blood above heart is brought down by gravity

89
Q

Blood pooling

A

Insufficient pressure means blood will sit in the pocket valves

90
Q

Vasomotor control centre (VCC)

A

Controls vascular shunt and sends signals to blood vessels

Receptors
Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors

91
Q

Sympathetic stimulation

A 
Increase closes pre-capillary sphincters
Causes vasoconstriction
Muscle gets harder
Redirects blood to where its needed
Reduced blood flow

Decrease opens pcs
Causes vasodilation
Muscle gets softer
Increased blood flow

92
Q

Vascular shunt

A

Redistribution of blood from where its not needed to where it is during exercise

93
Q

Inspiration/expiration at rest

A

In - diaphragm contracts/flattens, external intercostals pull ribs up/out
Volume of thoracic cavity increases
Pressure in lungs decreases

Ex - diaphragm relaxes, external intercostals relax and pull ribs in/down
Volume decreases
Pressure increases

Air moves from high to low pressure

94
Q

Inspiration/expiration during exercise

A

In - pectoralis minor/sternocleidomastoid

Ex - internal intercostals/rectus abdominus

95
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in/out per breath

96
Q

Minute ventilation

A

Volume of air breathed in/out per minute
Increases in line with intensity
Continues to rise during maximal work
Rapid decrease during recovery

97
Q

VE=TVxF

A

Minute ventilation = tidal volume x frequency (breathing rate)

98
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Aids the transport of oxygen in red blood cells

Fully saturated when carrying 4 oxygen molecules

99
Q

RCC (breathing control)

A

Located in medulla oblongata

Works with CCC and VCC

100
Q

Inspiratory/expiratory centre (at rest)

A

Intercostal nerves –> external intercostals

Phrenic nerves –> diaphragm

Pull rubs up/out
Diaphragm flattens
Volume increases
Pressure decreases
Air drawn in

Expiratory –> passive and inactive

101
Q

Inspiratory/expiratory centre (during exercise)

A

Proprioceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors -> send info to inspiratory centre
Internal intercostals - rectus abdominus - pectoralis minor - sternocleidomastoid

Air is forced out faster
Pressure decreases more
Volume of thoracic cavity increases more than at rest

Expiration is active during exercise
Baroreceptors in lungs
Lung inflation
Contract muscle if too stretched
Hering Breur -> prevents lungs getting over stretched and stops stimulation
102
Q

Diffusion

A

Gases move from an area of higher to lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane

103
Q

Diffusion gradient

A

Difference in concentration between one side of the membrane and the other

Gas moves down the gradient

Steeper gradient = faster diffusion

104
Q

Partial pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a gas within a mixture of gases

105
Q

External respiration

A

Between alveoli and surrounding capillaries

High to low conc. down the gradient

O2 associates with haemoglobin
Blood is fully saturated
Increase pp in alveoli
Decrease pp in capillary blood

CO2 passes through membrane quicker
Increase pp in capillary blood
Decrease pp in alveoli

106
Q

Internal respiration

A

Between capillaries and muscle tissue

High to low conc. down the gradient

O2 disassociates with haemoblobin
Diffuses into muscle as it passes
Increase pp in capillary
Decrease pp in muscle

Cells saturated with CO2 to be removed
Increase pp in muscle
Decrease pp in capillary blood

107
Q

Oxyheamoglobin disassociation curve

A

pp of O2 at rest = 40mmHg
75% saturation
25% dissociated

pp of O2 during exercise = 15mmHg
25% saturation
75% dissociation
More O2 dissociates because it has to be supplied to the muscles

pp of O2 lowers because….
Increase in blood/muscle temp
Lactic acid
CO2 production

Factors will move the graph to the right, (Bohr shift)

AS ocr PE (5 decks)

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