sport and society - post industrial britain

Question 1

what was the industrial revolution

Answer 1

• mid 18th to mid 19th century
• marked a change in britain from feudal, rural society to industrialised, machine based capitalist society controlled by a powerful urban middle class

Question 2

what was rational recreation

Answer 2

in the 19th century these were sports and past times for the lower classes and were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled

Question 3

what was the negative impact of the industrial revolution on popular recreation

Answer 3

• migration of lower classes into urban areas- factories being built meant less space for mob games
• shift from seasonal to machine time meant long working days, lack of leisure time
• low wages and poverty, no spare income for leisure
• poor health, lack of energy to play sport
• loss of rights, restrictions placed on mob games and blood sports by restrictions in laws
• lack of public provision, no access to facilities of equipment for lower class

Question 4

what is the acronym for neg impact of industrial revolution

Answer 4

HITFOR

H= health and hygiene was poor
I = income was low
T = time was limited
F = facility provision was lacking
O= overcrowding and lack of space
R= rights were lost

Question 5

what are the wenlock olympian games

Answer 5

-1850
- set up to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements especially in lower classes people
- Dr william penny brookes
- mixture of athletics traditional sports e.g. football, cricket, running and hurdles
- fun races included such as old woman running race

Question 6

positive effects of industrial revolution in second half of 19th century

Answer 6

• health and hygiene improved, public baths etc
• development of new middle class, self made men took advantage of new business opportunities, sport became more acceptable, new facilities made
• influence of ex school boys, via industry and the church etc
• values of athleticism, moral code
• industrial patronage, factory teams set up
• transport and communication improved, deviplemt of roads and steam trains, cheaper to travel
• gradual increases in wages and time, factory arts and half day saturdays

Question 7

what is the acronym for the positive effects of the industrial revolution
post industrial britain’s

Answer 7

IIPB

I = improved health
I = increased wages
P = patronage
B = better transport

Question 8

what is athleticism

Answer 8

physical endeavor with moral integrity

Question 9

what is industrial patronage

Answer 9

factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce

Question 10

what is urbanisation

Answer 10

large number of people migrating from rural areas into towns and cities seeking regular work in factories

Question 11

what are the 4 key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport in this period

Answer 11

• lack of space - led to development of purpose built facilities such as football grounds
• large working class populations - mass spectator numbers at football and rugby
• loss of traditional sports - lower classes traditional sports banned, needed new sports to emerged
• changes in working conditions - initially working class worked long hours and had limited free time, income or energy for sport as this improved sports attendance participation improved

Question 12

what is the transport revolution

Answer 12

initially trains were expensive and only used by middle class and upper class, as time went on it gradually became more affordable

Question 13

summary of the transport revolution

Answer 13

• movement of teams and spectators, faster and further travel leading to regular nationwide fixtures
• improved access to different parts of the country, sports developed from local, to regional to rational with leagues forming
• cheaper train travel, working class could follow teams
• improved access to country side, rambling became popular as rural areas were accessible

Question 14

what is the communication revolution

Answer 14

urban industrial society was associated with gradual improvement in educational provision in the working class in the 2cnd half of the 19th century. This led to improvements in reading and writing

Question 15

what was the effect of increased communication on post industrial britain

Answer 15

society become more literate
knowledge and awareness of sport increased as people could read about different game results etc

Question 16

what was the influence of the church on post industrial britain

Answer 16

promote sport and recreation in their local communities
encouraged social control through civilised activities, diverting attention away from less socially acceptable activities such as drinking and gambling

Question 17

what is social control

Answer 17

the way in which people thoughts, feelings and appearance and behavior is regulated in social systems

Question 18

what is codification

Answer 18

the gradual organisation and defining of the rules

Question 19

what was the effect of the emerging middle class on sport

Answer 19

• competition, leagues and comps via middle class involvement in public schools and unis, factory teams and church teams
• public provision, parks and public baths via factory owners etc
• increased leisure time, factory owners gave more time for sport
• move to professionalism, agents and promotors

Question 20

what are the ways in which public schools boys influenced the development of sport

Answer 20

• as teachers = developed teams and taught traditional sporting values
• formed NGBs = codified the sports and established leagues and comps which were played internationally
• as diplomats = travelled the word and took sport with them
• as industrialists = they set up teams and gave workers time off to play competitive sport
• as clergy = developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad
• as army officers = they used sport with the armed forces and spread sport throughout the empire

Question 21

what is public provision

Answer 21

local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate

Question 22

why were NGBs needed ( national governing bodies )

Answer 22

• more teams and clubs were forming
• more national and international fixtures being organised
• sport becoming more increasingly popular
• leagues and comps required for teams to compete in
• ## nationally agreed codes and rules for different sports required

Question 23

what were the characteristics of rational recreation

Answer 23

• respectibility = non violent in nature and emphasis on fair play
• regionally/nationally/regularily played = watching was popular in time off work
• stringent admission and codification = strict and complex rules written out by NGBs for the conduct of a sport
• refrees/ officials = present to enforce newly written rules
• purpose built facilities = often set around urbanised areas with large populations to draw on for spectators
• skills/ tactics based = players had positional roles they became specialised in

Question 24

definition of amateur

Answer 24

a person who plays sport for the love of it and recieves no financial gain

Question 25

definition of professional

Answer 25

a person who plays sport for financial gain

Question 26

what were the positive impacts of ameaturism

Answer 26

- rules - adehered to a code of ethics - dominated by middle and upper class - played to god given abilites, training was frowned upon - amateurs were the elite performers of thr 19th century - The ‘new middle classes’ admired the cultural values of the upper-class gentleman amateur. They played sport in their free time according to similar principles of amateurism.

Question 27

negative impacts of amateurism

Answer 27

- gamesmanship and foul play used to gain an advantage and increase the chances of winning - \

Question 28

what were the positive impacts of 19th century professionalism on sport development

Answer 28

- broken time payments = working class had to be paid for time off work when representing a factory team - early proffesionals in walking and running races were paid according to results, so stanadard of performance improved due to dedicated training - working class played for financial gain

Question 29

early 20th century amateurs

Answer 29

Amateurs held positions at the top of NGBs. This influenced access to amateur sports such as Rugby Union, for the working classes. Amateurs were still the best performers, playing with high morality with an emphasis on sportsmanship. Amateurs held high status in sport and society. They controlled sports which meant working classes were often excluded from amateur sports.​ Top performers were most likely to come from middle and upper classes.​ Amateurs have enough money and leisure time to play sports for the love of it and therefore did not need to receive payment. Emphasis was on fair play and sportsmanship

Question 30

modern day amateurs

Answer 30

As time went on, amateurs started to lose their status and power in sport. Equality opportunity was a key part of society with achievements being based on merit and personal performance standards.​ Amateurs now tended to be: Lower status with professionals now of higher status. Some high level performers are still not professional.​ Amateur and professional codes are often blurred, less exclusions are seen in society as equal opportunity is important.​ Performance at the top in most sports is open to all.

Question 31

modern day professionalism

Answer 31

- all classes complete - social status not a barrier - respectable - high rewards through media and sponsership - more time to train, leading to higher standards - celebrity status - positive role models act as motivators - more spectators

Question 32

what was the changing role of women in sport in the

Answer 32

​ The middle classes did not expect their wives to work, but increasingly they were allowed to play as long as the activities were private and genteel. As a result, croquet, lawn tennis and golf were acceptable.​ Working class women did not generally have the time, money or provision for sport until the end of the 19th century.

Question 33

what were the victorian attitudes to women that led them to being excluded from sport

Answer 33

- It was too manly.​ - It could endanger childbirth.​ - Victorian fashion, among upper and middle classes (restrictive clothing), prevented freedom of movement and so discouraged women from vigorous activity.​ - It was not expected that Victorian women should display their bodies.​ - It was not expected that Victorian women should be competitive and sweat.

Question 34

how did the role of women in sport change

Answer 34

- popularity = Popular sports for girls included hockey, lacrosse, golf, cycling, tennis, fencing and swimming. - Income & Leisure Time: Most sports were limited to the middle and upper classes who could afford the equipment and free time to play. - Class: The working class were beginning to grow in prosperity (wealth) and influence, women had more free time and more opportunities and income to take part in leisure activities such as cycling and swimming.​ -Travel: Working class families began to travel to the seaside at Scarborough or Blackpool for their holidays.​

Question 35

what was the timeline of the change in womens participation in sport

Answer 35

Early sports (football) male dominated.​ Growth in female football during WW1 (1914–18)​ 1921: 150 teams, mainly in North and Midlands​ 1930s: Depression – interest declined​ 1969: WFA formed​ 2002: Most popular sport for women​

Question 36

how have elite female footballers emerged in modern day

Answer 36

Equal opportunities: More sports are generally available and socially acceptable, including football. Legally, the Sex Discrimination Act has been passed, leading to less sexual discrimination in the sport on the basis of gender. The War effort from women also led to the breaking down of myths and stereotypes about the physical capabilities of women. ​ Increased media coverage: BT Sport provides live coverage of the Women’s Super League (WSL); women’s football is part of EA Sports FIFA Games. The England and USA Women’s World Cup semi-final in 2019 attracted 11.7 million viewers. ​ More female role models: As performers, coaches and officials. Increased provision in school via PE programmes: in National Curriculum PE lessons as well as extra-curricular activities. ​ Increased approval/encouragement by the FA: The women’s national team are fully funded by the FA with the Women’s FA cup final being played at the National Stadium (Wembley) in 2015. ​ More clubs are forming: At local, as well as ‘professional’ levels. ​ Increased participation via more funding to the game: At grass roots level as well as elite level. ​ More free time: as the traditional domestic responsibility role has decreased.

Question 37

what was the rationalisation and modern day development of association football

Answer 37

- urbanisation = large numbers of people living in one place, gave larger audience - lack of space - led to purpose vuilt facilites - more free time - more time available to watch and play sport - more disposable income - working class had enough money to pay for entrance fees and transport - improved transport - development of trains - increased professionalism - oppertunites to play football as a job increased via broken time payments, football recognised by the FA as a job - social class links - emphasis on high morality and etiquite - challeged quickly by working class who made it the poeple game - increased organisation

Question 38

what was the bosman ruling

Answer 38

A European court of justice decision made on 15th December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decision as it allowed free movement of labour in the EU. It effectively allowed footballers in the EU to move at the end of their contracts to another club without a transfer fee being paid.

Question 39

what was the rationalisation and modern day development of lawn tennis

Answer 39

- emancipation of women - female ppts allowed - female role models - seclusion - women were allowed to play as it could be in the privacy of their own gardens - organised by middle class

Question 40

what is shametaurism

Answer 40

term given to amaeturs thsat took money illegally due to commercial pressures