respiratory system

Question 1

what does respiration include

Answer 1

• ventilation
• external respiration
• transportation
• internal respiration
• cellular respiration

Question 2

structure of the respiratory system

Answer 2

1) nasal cavity
2) mouth
3) epiglottis
4) pharynx
5) trachea
6) lungs
7) bronchus
8) bronchioles
9) alveoli
10 ) diaphragm

Question 3

passage of air through the respiratory system

Answer 3

air is a mixture of gases and is drawn into the body through the nose.
It passes through the pharynx and into the larynx (voice box )then down the trachea into the left and right bronchus. Air moves through each bronchus and they subdivide into the secondary bronchi.
Bronchi then get progressively thinner and branch into bronchioles which leads into the alveoli.

Question 4

adaptations of alveoli

Answer 4

• very thin meaning there is a short diffusion pathway
• extensive capillary network surrounds the alveoli so they have excellent blood supply
• they have a huge surface area because there are millions of alveoli in each lung, which allows greater oxygen uptake

Question 4

what is the function of alveoli

Answer 4

responsible for gas exchange between the lungs and the blood which occurs via diffusion.

Question 4

what does the blood consist of

Answer 4

45% cells
55% plasma

Question 4

adaptations of the pharynx, larynx and trachea

Answer 4

the surfaces of these passageways has a mucus membrane and cilliated cells which mositen, warm and filter the air before entering the lungs.

Question 4

what is the adaption of the lungs

Answer 4

the right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes to accomodate the heart

Question 4

how much do we inspire and expire at rest

Answer 4

0.5 L of air

Question 4

what is the extra amount of air inspired and the extra amount of air expired

Answer 4

• inspiratory reserve volume
• expiratory reserve volume

Question 5

which two ways is oxygen transported

Answer 5

97% is carried in Hb in red blood cells - Hb + 02 = oxyhaemoglobin

3% dissolved in plasma

Question 5

which three ways is carbon dioxide transported

Answer 5

1) 70 % dissolved in water as carbonic acid
2) 23% is carried with Hb = carbominohaemoglobin
3) 7% dissolved in plasma

Question 5

what is the change to expiratory reserve volume during excerisise

Answer 5

slight decrease

Question 5

what is breathing rate

Answer 5

represents the number of inspirations or expirations taken in one minute
an average br is 12-15 breaths per minute

Question 5

what is tidal volume

Answer 5

the volume of air inspired or expired in one breath
an average is 500 ml
restng TV can vary dramatically depending on :
- size of lungs and thoracic cavity
- age
- gender
- fitness

Question 5

what is minute ventilation

Answer 5

volume of air inspired or expired per minute. It is the product of breathing rate and tiday volume.
VE ( minute ventillation ) = TV ( tidal volume ) X F ( breathing rate )

Question 5

what is residual volume

Answer 5

when we breathe out as hard as we can, there is still some air left in the lungs. This air remains as we can never fully empty our lungs during exhalation. Some air wil always be in the alveoli, bronchi and trachea

Question 5

what is the change to tidal volume during excerise

Answer 5

increase

Question 5

what is the change to inspiratory reserve volume during excersise

Answer 5

decrease

Question 5

what is the change to residual volume during excersise

Answer 5

remains the same

Question 5

what is the change to minute ventillation during excerise

Answer 5

big increase

Question 5

what is the response to excersise and recovery : breathing rate

Answer 5

increases in line with excersise intensity to a maximum of 50-60 breaths / min.
in sub maximal, steady state excerise, breathing rate can plateau as the supply of oxygen meets the demands of the workign muscles

Question 5

what is a spirometer

Answer 5

a device used to measure the vol of air inspired / expired by the lungs

Question 6

response to excerise and recovery : tidal volume

Answer 6

increases initially in proportion to excersise intensity at sub max intensitues up to 3 litres. TV then plateaus as increasing breathign rate towards maximal intensities does not allow enough time and requires too much muscular effort for maximal inspirations or expirations

Question 7

what is the response to excerise and recovery : minute ventilation

Answer 7

minute ventilation is the product of breathing rate and tidal volume and therfore response to excerise and recovery is a combo of the two. VE increases in line with excersise intensity, whereby breathing rate and tidal volume both increase. During sustained sub maximal intensity excersise, VE can plateau as we reacgh a comfortable steady state. This plateau represents the supply meeting the deman for oxygen delivery and waste removal.

Question 8

response to excersise : VE

Answer 8

1) initial anticipatory rise due to adrenaline 2) rapid increase in minute ventillation due to increased BR and TV 3) steady state VE throughout sustained intensity as 02 supply meets demand 4) initially rapid and then more gradual increase in VE as excersise intensity increases

Question 9

response to recovery : VE

Answer 9

1) during max exersise, VE does not plateau as excersise intensity continues to increase 2) constant growing demand for o2 and waste removal 3) TV will plateau but VE will continue to increase due to rise in breathing rate 4) in recovery there is a rapid decrease followed by a slower decrease to resting levels gradual decrease of TV and BR 5) active recovery maintains VE providing a continuec need for o2 for aerobic energy production and the removal of waste production

Question 10

untrained response to excerise

Answer 10

at rest : BR= 12-15 breatths / min TV= 0.5 l VE = 6-7.5 l/min maximal intensity : BR = 40-50 breaths / min TV = 2.5 - 3 l VE = 100-150 l / min

Question 11

trained response to excersise

Answer 11

rest : BR = 11-12 breaths / min TV = 0.5 l VE = 5.5 - 6 l/min maximal intensity : BR = 50-60 breaths / min TV = 3- 3.5 l VE = 160 - 210 l/min

Question 12

where do the lungs lie

Answer 12

in the thoracic cavity and are encased in pleural sacs

Question 13

what is the purpose of a layer of pleural fluid between the lungs and the membrane

Answer 13

reduces friction during inspiriation and expiration

Question 14

what is the purpose of pleural sacs

Answer 14

attach the lungs to the rib cage, so when the ribcage expands, so do the lungs

Question 15

what is inspiration at rest

Answer 15

external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contracts, rbs and sternum move up and out, volume in the thoracic cavity and space inside the lungs increases. This lowers pressure below atmospheric pressure and as gases move from area of high to low pressure, air rushes into the lungs

Question 16

what is expiration at rest

Answer 16

external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax. Ribs and sternum move down and in. volume inside thoracic cavity and space inside the lungs decrease. Increases pressure above the atmosphere outside the body therefore air is pushed out of the lungs

Question 17

what is inspirarion during excersise

Answer 17

external intercostal muscles, diaphragm, sternolcloid mastoid, pectoralis minor and the scalena all contract. This causes ribcage to move up and out more than at rest. Increases volume of thoracic cavity and a decrease in pressure due to a greater movement more than at rest. This increases the depth of breathing and volume of air inspired

Question 18

what is expiration at rest

Answer 18

external intercostals and diaphragm relax, internal intercostal muscle, rectus abdominis and the obliques contract. This creates a greater down and inward movemnt of the rib cage and sternum. Decreases volume and increases pressure of thoracic cavity more than at rest.