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Sport And Society Flashcards

1
Q

What is the feudal system?

A

A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service of labour

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2
Q

Name 6 characteristics of pre-industrial society (socio-cultural factors)

A
  • Communications and transport were limited
  • Widespread illiteracy
  • Violent and aggressive tendencies for lower class
  • Limited free time
  • Class divisions
    People lived in the countryside
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3
Q

Characteristics of popular recreation

Pre-industrial Britain

A
  • Sport could only be played on festival/holy days because of long working hours
  • Sport was localised because of limited transport
  • Sport was simple with little to no rules because of illiteracy (unlimited number of players, no time limits, no officials)
  • Sport was aggressive and male dominated
  • Lower class split from upper class
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4
Q

Characteristics of mob football

A
  • Localised because of limited transport and communications
  • Played by lower class in fields with resources available to them
  • Played on holy days or festival days
  • Male dominated
  • Highly violent
  • Little codification because of illiteracy
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5
Q

Why was mob football unpopular with local authorities?

A
  • They were violent
  • Led to injury or death
  • Led to damage of property
  • Involved gambling/waging
  • Linked to alcohol consumption/drunken behaviour
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6
Q

Characteristics of real tennis

A
  • Played by upper class males
  • Codification because they were all literate
  • High moral code = little violence, played in a civilised manner with respect for one another
  • Able to play on a regular basis.
  • Played in expensive purpose built facilities and specialist equipment
  • Upper class had the ability to travel so it was non-local
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7
Q

Why was the Olympic class (Wenlock Olympian society) set up?

A
  • Promote moral

- Physical and intellectual improvements

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8
Q

Who was the driving force behind the Wenlock Olympian games?

A

Dr William Penny Brookes

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9
Q

When was the first Wenlock games?

A

1850

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10
Q

What did the Wenlock games characteristics?

A
  • Upper class waged on races
  • Patrons would offer prize money, prices awarded for successful participants
  • Festival occasions
  • Footmen used to compete, Upper classmen would own the best
  • Athletes compete to show their speed of movement across open land
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11
Q

What were the negative effects of the industrial revolution on sport?

A
  • Migration to urban areas = Lack of space to play traditional games
  • Lack of leisure time
  • Lack of income
  • Poor health = little energy to play sport
  • Loss off rights, criminal laws against blood sports and mob games
  • A lack of public provision, no access to equipment or facilities
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12
Q

What were the positive effects of the industrial revolution on BBC sport?

A
  • Health and hygiene improved because of improvements in living conditions
  • Gradual increase in wages
  • More time for sport (Saturday half-days)
  • New middle class, became more acceptable to play in a high moral code, provided facilities
  • Industrial patronage, factory owners become patrons for wc by providing support
  • Transport and communications improved = leagues were established, spectators could travel to watch matches
  • It became cheaper to travel
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13
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Large numbers of people moving from rural areas to towns and cities seeking work in factories

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14
Q

How did urbanisation contribute to the development of sport?

A
  • Violent sports were banned = new games emerged
  • Society became more civilised
  • New forms of entertainment emerged
  • More people needed entertaining because workers were given more free time= spectator and participant numbers rising
  • Lack of space meant factories used their land to play sport
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15
Q

How did transport revolution contribute to the development of sport?

A
  • People could travel to play and watch sport, this lead to the establishment of leagues (nationwide)
  • Trains then became cheaper therefore lower and middle classes could also watch or play
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16
Q

How did communication development contribute to the development of sport?

A
  • Society became more literate therefore newspapers increased the knowledge and awareness of sport.
    This lead to the emergence of role models as people could read match reports and relate to players because of their performance
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17
Q

Why does the church promote sport?

A
  • It encourages social control by diverting people away from drinking and gambling
  • They provided church halls as venues for improving morality and to attract people to the church
  • Encourages Christian Values
  • The church organised teams and set up competitions
  • The clergy were ex-public schoolboys
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18
Q

How did the emergence of middle classes support developments in sport?

A
  • Codification, strict rules as public schoolboy played a key role in the formation of many national governing bodies
    They controlled sport and became key organisers in forming and running clubs.
  • Competitions : Because of public schools, universities, factory teams, church teams
  • Public provision : development of public facilities via philanthropists, factory owners, the church
  • Gave workers more free time
  • Helped professionalism in sport
19
Q

How did the British empire export sport around the globe?

A
  • Teachers : Taught traditional sporting valves in school
  • Factory owners : Set up teams and gave workers time off to play competitively
  • Clergy : Developed church teams our became missionaries and took sport abroad
  • Diplomats : Travelled the world and toon sport with them
  • Firmed National governing bodies which codified sport and established leagues
20
Q

How did public provision develop sport?

A
  • Applied for grants to provide public washing facilities to try and combat disease spreading.
  • Positive physical activity was seen as a man of social control keeping them away from drinking and violence
  • Helped productivity as workers became healthier and less prone to diseases and injection
21
Q

Why did the National governing bodies develop?

A
  • Sport was becoming popular
  • More clubs and teams forming
  • Leagues and competitions were forming nationally and internationally for teams to compete.
  • Nationally agreed rules and Codification for different sports were required for games to be fair
  • Maintenance of control of sport among the upper and lower class
22
Q

Characteristics of rational recreation

A
  • Respectability : Games were non-Violent and fairly played
  • Nationally/regionally/regularly played
  • Codification
  • Referees
  • Purpose-built facilities
  • Tactic based, therefore they trained to improve technique and fitness levels to increase chances of winning
23
Q

What are the amateurism values?

A
  • Manliness
  • Appreciating value of health and fitness
  • Appreciating value of rule-regulated activity
  • High moral integrity
24
Q

Characteristics of a gentleman amateur

A
  • Wealthy
  • Upper class
  • Lots is free time
  • Respected = Upper class
  • High moral code appreciating the value of health and fitness
25
Q

What are the positive impacts of amateurism?

A
  • They held a higher status than professionals
  • Code of amateurism : playing to clearly set rules
  • Code of ethics ( moral standards, ie. sportsmanship)
  • Belonging to the social elite : Play for the love of it
  • High morality : Winning was seen as not as important as participation
26
Q

Characteristics of working class professionals

A
  • Working class
  • Poor
  • Very little free time
  • Committed to train
  • Low mortality : All about winning, would cheat to win
27
Q

What are the positive impacts of professionalism on sport?

A
  • Earning monty was seen as an avenue of social mobility
    This creates determination
  • Early professionals were paid according to standard of performance because of training
  • Working class Played for financial gain
28
Q

Reasons for the rationalisation of association football

A
  • Urbanisation : gave large audience for football, lack of space led to purpose-built facilities
  • More free time
  • Improved transport
  • Increased professionalism : playing for a job
  • Social class links
  • Increased organisation
29
Q

What socio-cultural factors led to an increase in opportunities for women to participate in sport?

A
  • Equal opportunities : more acceptable and available
  • Increased media coverage
  • More female role models
  • More provision via school pe programmes
  • Increased approval and support by FA
  • More free time
  • Increased participation via funding
  • More clubs forming
30
Q

Rationalisation of lawn tennis

A
  • Middle class intervention
  • Played in middle class gardens and lawns
  • Organised by middle class
  • Use off specialist equipment
  • Use off standardised rules
  • Played by Male and female athletes
  • Public provision
31
Q

Rationalisation of track and field athletics

A
  • Athletics became popular in towns and cities with purpose built tracks and facilities
  • Class divisions were evident : Upper and middle ran for enjoyment, Lower ran for money
  • Not deemed appropriate for women because it was unladylike and they were unable to follow an appropriate dress code
32
Q

What is the golden triangle?

A

The relationship between sport, business and media

33
Q

What is commercialism?

A

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity

34
Q

Characteristics of commercial sport

A
  • Professional sport
  • Sponsorship and business
  • Entertainment
  • Contracts
  • Athletes as commodities
  • Wide media coverage
35
Q

What are the effects of commercialisation on professional performers?

A
  • Receive high income for participation and promoting products which gives financial security allowing full time training
  • Winning is important because that’s what they get paid for
  • Can be put under pressure to perform when injured
  • Must specialise in a sport to compete
  • Effectively entertainers who become household names
  • Controlled by the sponsor
36
Q

What are the effects of commercialisation on sport?

A
  • Rules and scoring systems changed to speed up action when prevent spectator boredom
  • Breaks provided in play so sponsors can advertise products
  • Women’s sports receive less media coverage
  • Increased use of technology
37
Q

Why do companies invest large amounts of money into sport eg: via sponsorship?

A
  • Increased profit and publicity
  • Increases brands awareness
  • Creates association with healthy image of sport
  • Improves company morale
38
Q

What are the types of media involved in covering sports?

A
  • Newspaper
  • Radio
  • Internet
  • Social media
39
Q

Why does media help sport?

A
  • Helps gain viewers
  • Attracts sponsorships
  • Boosts players popularity because of advertisement
40
Q

What is the impact of social media on sport?

A
  • Younger fans like to use Twitter and facebook rather than TV
  • Top sport performers involved in social media which improves connection with fans
  • Performers can advertise their sponsors products
  • Easy way for clubs to share information
41
Q

What are the negative effects of social media on sport and performers?

A
  • Some stars get fined for incorrect use
  • Often included in employment contracts
  • Gateway to hate
42
Q

Characteristics of 21st century football

A
  • Mixed gendered
  • Technology
  • Codification
  • Media influence
  • Specific areas to play
43
Q

Characteristics of globalised sport

A
  • Athletes as commodities
  • Contracts
  • Sponsorship and businesses involved
  • Entertainment (mass spectatorism)
  • Wide media coverage
  • Professional / elite
44
Q

How has tennis become a global leader in terms of female sport?

A
  • Same number of tickets sold between men and women
  • Equal pay
  • WTA
  • Mixed matches
  • Pushing back against tradition

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