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Pe > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Heart rate (bpm)

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

Increases during exercise and then reaches a max and then will plateau

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2
Q

Maximum heart rate (bpm)

A

220-age

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3
Q

Stroke volume (ml)

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles per beat

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4
Q

Cardiac output (L/min)

A

Volume of blood pumped from the ventricles per minute

HR x SV = Q

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5
Q

Anticipatory rise

A

Increase in heart rate prior to exercise caused by the release of adrenaline

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6
Q

Bradycardia

A

Decrease in testing HR below 60bpm

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7
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

The muscular walls of the heart get thicker, making it bigger and stronger
Happens with aerobic training

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8
Q

Starlings law

A 
Increased venous return
Greater diastolic filling
Cardiac fibres stretch more 
Ejection fraction increases 
Stroke volume increases
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9
Q

Diastole

A

The phase of the heart beat when the heart relaxes to fill with blood

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10
Q

Systole

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart contracts to pump blood

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11
Q

Myogenic

A

A capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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12
Q

Sinoatrial node (SAN)

A

A small mass of cardiac muscle that generates the heartbeat

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13
Q

Atrioventricular node (AVN)

A

The node replays the impulse between atrium and ventricles of the heart

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14
Q

Cardiac control centre (CCC)

A

Located in the medulla oblongs ya of the brain
Information from the receptors will activate either the sympathetic nervous system (HR increases) or the parasympathetic nervous system (HR decreases)

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15
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detects a change in blood acidity

Sends impulse to CCC which results in an increase in HR via the cardiac acceleratory nerve

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16
Q

Chemoreceptors during exercise

A

Co2 increases
Increase in blood acidity
Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
HR increases

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17
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detects a decrease in blood pressure and sends impulses to the CCC which results in an increase in HR via the cardiac acceleratory nerve

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18
Q

Baroreceptors during exercise

A

Vasodilation of atrial walls
Decrease in blood pressure
Less stretching of baroreceptors
HR increases

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19
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Detect an increase in muscle movement and sends impulses to the CCC which results an increase in HR via the cardiac acceleratory nerve

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20
Q

Why do the ventricles have thicker muscular walls?

A

The need to contract with greater force in order to push blood out of the heart

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21
Q

Which side of the heart is larger? And why?

A

The left side because it needs to pump pod around the whole body where’s the right only pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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22
Q

What happens in the cardiac conduction system?

A
  1. Heart is myogenic because of impulse in the SAN
  2. SAN makes electrical impulses spread through walls of the atria causing atrial systole
  3. Impulse goes to AVN which delays transmission of impulse so the atria can fully contract before ventricular systole
  4. Impulse travels to bundle of his to the purkinje fibres
  5. This leads to ventricular systole
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23
Q

Cardiac conduction system memory tool

A 
Sally
Always
Aims 
Balls
Past
Vicky
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24
Q

Neural control mechanism

A
  • Involves SNS and PNS
  • SNS increases HR
  • PNS decreases HR
  • Two systems controlled by cardiac control centre in the medulla oblongata
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25
Q

Hormone control mechanism

A
  • The release of adrenaline
  • Adrenaline is released by the sympathetic nerves during exercise
  • Stimulates SAN = increase in speed and force of contraction
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26
Q

Stroke volume depends on?

A
  • Venous return : volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins of venous return increases stroke volume increases
  • elasticity of cardiac fibres : the degree of stretch of cardiac tissue during diastole phase. More stretch = greater force of contraction = increases in ejection fraction
  • Contractility off cardiac tissue : greater contractility = greater the force of contraction = increase in stroke volume = ejection fraction
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27
Q

What happens to cardiac output for both trained and untrained performers?

A

Stays the same

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28
Q

Difference in heart rate between trained and untrained performers at rest

A
  • Trained : Lower resting heart rate

- Untrained : Higher resting heart rate

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29
Q

Difference in stroke volume between trained and untrained performers at rest

A

Trained : higher resting stroke volume

Untrained : lower resting stroke volume

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30
Q

Difference between heart rate in trained and untrained performers during exercise

A

Trained : returns to resting heart rate quicker

  • Cardiac hypertrophy
  • Higher maximal cardiac output
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31
Q

What is heart disease?

A

The narrowing or blockage of the arteries because of fatty deposits. This is called atherosclerosis, fatty deposits called atheroma

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32
Q

What can cause heart disease?

A
  • High blood pressure
  • High levels of cholesterol
  • Lack of exercise
  • Smoking
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33
Q

What happens when the arteries become blocked or narrow?

A

They are unable to deliver enough oxygen to the heart causing pain known as angina

34
Q

Impact of PA on heart disease

A
  • Keeps heart more efficient
  • Cardiac hypertrophy
  • Increased SV
  • Maintains blood vessel flexibility
35
Q

What is high blood pressure?

A
  • Blood pressure = Force of blood against blood vessel walls
  • High blood pressure puts strain on arteries and heart which can lead to heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease or stroke
36
Q

Impact of PA on high blood pressure

A

-Regular aerobic exercise reduces blood pressure

37
Q

What are cholesterol levels?

A

There are two types of cholesterol

  1. LDL (Low density lipoproteins)
    - Transports cholesterol into the blood (bad cholesterol)
    - Linked to increased risk of heart disease
  2. HDL (High density lipoproteins)
    - Transports excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down (good cholesterol)
38
Q

Impact of PA on cholesterol levels

A
  • Decreases LDL

- Increases HDL

39
Q

What is a stroke?

A
  • Occurs when blood supply top part of the brain is cut off causing damage to the brain cells
  • This lead to brain injury, discipline and sometimes death
40
Q

Impact of PA on a stroke

A

Regular exercise can lower blood pressure and help maintain a healthy weight which reduces risk of stroke

41
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A
  • When your heart rate does not remain the same but slowly climbs
  • It occurs after 10 minutes of prolonged exercise in a warm environment
  • This occurs because when we sweat a portion of the lift fluid volume comes from the plasma
  • Decrease in plasma volume reduces venous return as stroke volume
  • Heart rate increase to compensate and maintain a higher cardiac output to create more energy to cool down the body
42
Q

How do you minimise cardiovascular drift?

A
  • Maintain high fluid consumption before and during exercise
43
Q

What are the two types of circulation in the vascular system?

A
  1. Pulmonary : deoxygenated blood from the heart to the LUNGS and oxygenated blood back to the heart
  2. Systematic : oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and then the return of deoxygenated blood from the blood from the body to the heart
44
Q

What is the order of the 5 blood vessels that carry the blood from the heart, distribute it around the body and then return it to the heart?

A 
Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries 
Venules
Veins 
Heart
45
Q

Arteries structure and function

A
  • Structure : Smaller lumen, thick muscular walls, more elastic outer layer, smooth inner layer
  • Function : Carries blood away from the heart, carries blood at as high pressure, carries oxygenated blood
46
Q

Vein structure and function

A
  • Structure : Thinner muscular walls, valves, larger lumen

- Function : Carries blood towards heart, carries blood at a low pressure

47
Q

Capillary structure and function

A
  • Structure : One cell thick, Very thin, permeable walls

- Function : Connect and transport blood from arteries to veins under low pressure, Diffusion takes place.

48
Q

What is venous return?

A
  • The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava
  • During exercise venous return increases
49
Q

What are the 3 main factors venous return mechanisms that help venous return?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pump
  2. Respiratory pump
  3. Pocket valves
50
Q

What are the three other factors that aid venous return?

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Gravity
  3. Suction pump action of heart
51
Q

What is the skeletal pump?

A

When muscles contract and relax they change shape, this change means muscles press on nearby veins and cause a pumping effect and squeeze blood towards the heart

52
Q

What is the respiratory pump?

A

When muscles contract and relax during breathing in and out, pressure charges occur in the chest and abdominal cavities, these changes compress nearby veins and assist blood return to the heart

53
Q

What is pocket valves?

A

They prevent back flow in the veins because it travels at a low pressure

54
Q

What will prevent blood pooling?

A

Performing an active cool down to keep skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump working.

55
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Pigment found in red blood cells

Oxygen bonds to haemoglobin to form icy haemoglobin

56
Q

What is myoglobin?

A
  • Transport oxygen to the muscle.
  • Higher affinity to oxygen than haemoglobin
  • It stores oxygen in the muscle fibres so it can be used by the mitochondria in aerobic respiration
57
Q

What is oxyhaemoglobin dissociation?

A

When oxygen is released from oxyhemoglobin in areas of low oxygen partial pressure

58
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Gas will move from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure

59
Q

What is affinity?

A

The degree to which a substance tends to combine with another

60
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid part of blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them

61
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

The centre of the muscle cell where aerobic respiration takes place

62
Q

What is the Bohr shift?

A

When an increase in blood carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

63
Q

What are the 3 factors responsible for the increase in the dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin?

A
  1. Increase in blood temperature
  2. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases
  3. pH
64
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A

During exercise the skeletal muscles require more oxygen so more blood needs to be directed to them to meet the demand of oxygen. Therefore blood is redirected to areas where it is most needed using vasodilation and vasoconstriction

65
Q

Why should performers not eat less than an hour before competition?

A

More blood would be directed to the stomach instead of the working muscles therefore their performance would be effected because less oxygen is going to the working muscles.

66
Q

What is the control of blood flow?

A
  • Blood pressure and blood flow are controlled by the gasometer centre located in the medulla oblongata
  • Receptors stimulate vasometer centre
  • Vasodilation is when the blood vessels widen to increase blood flow, during exercise more o2 needed at the working muscles so vasodilation occurs to get o2 to the working muscles
  • Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels to reduce the amount of blood going to non-essential organs.
67
Q

Why is the redistribution of blood important?

A
  1. Increase supply of oxygen to the working muscles
  2. Remove waste products from the muscles
  3. Ensure blood goes to skin to maintain body temperature
  4. Direct more blood to the heart
68
Q

What is A-VO2 diff?

A

The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles

69
Q

What happens to A-VO2 diff during exercise?

A
  • More O2 is needed/extracted by the muscles
  • It is needed for energy production
  • Leads to improved performance
  • A-VO2 diff increases
70
Q

Define steady state

A

When an athlete is able to meet the demand of oxygen with the supply of oxygen

71
Q

What happens during inspiration at rest?

A
  • Intercostal muscles contract which pulls up rib ages which makes chest cavity expand.
  • Diaphragm contracts which pulls it down and flattens making chest cavity larger
  • Lungs also expand because of moist surface
  • When lungs expands the pressure inside decreases so more air is sucked does the windpipe and into the lungs
72
Q

What happens to expiration at rest?

A
  • Intercostal muscles relax which lowers rib cage making the chest cavity smaller
  • Diaphragm relaxes so bulges upwards and makes chest cavity smaller
  • When chest cavity is smaller the lungs are compressed and the air pressure in the lungs is increased.
  • So air is pushes out of the lungs and up the windpipe
73
Q

What happens to inspiration during exercise?

And what muscles are used?

A 
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid 
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor

Thoracic pressure decreases
Pressure increases

74
Q

What happens to expiration during exercise?

And what muscles are used?

A

Internal intercostal muscles
Rectus abdominus
Obliques

These muscles contract
Lowers rib cage which makes the chest cavity smaller
Thoracic cavity decreases
Pressure increases

75
Q

What is tidal volume and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Volume of air breathed in and out per breath

- increases during exercise

76
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
  • Decreases during exercise
77
Q

What is expiration reserve volume and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal breath
  • slight decrease during exercise
78
Q

What is residual volume and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Volume of air left in lungs after maximal respiration

- Stays the same during exercise

79
Q

What is minute ventilation and how does it change during exercise?

A
  • Volume of air breathes in or out per minute

- Big increase during exercise

80
Q

What is atrial diastole?

A
  • Contraction of the left and right atrium

- As the atria contracts the blood pressure in each atrium increases forcing blood into the ventricles

81
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A
  • Contraction if the left and right ventricles
  • As the ventricles contract the pressure in each ventricles increases as pressure in the left ventricle aortic valves open allowing oxygenated blood to elect into the aorta out of the valves
82
Q

What is ejection fraction? +equation

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

Equation :
Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle \ total amount of blood in ventricle

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